Something that has been vital for my body througho Essays - Medicine

Something that has been vital for my body throughout this 7-Day Spring Cleanse, however has additionally been a district of my daily routine for some months currently, is drinking heat lemon water. I actually have started (almost) each day with a glass of heat lemon water and it's created a large variations on behalf of me. heat lemon water within the morning helps kickstart the digestion method for the day. per Ayurvedic philosophy, decisions that you just build concerning your daily routine either build up resistance to illness or tear it down. piece of writing invitations US to induce a jump-start on the day by that specialize in morning rituals that employment to align the body with nature's rhythms, balance the doshas and foster vanity aboard self-discipline. benefits of lemon water each Morning there are tons of health advantages of lemons that are well-known for hundreds of years. the 2 biggest square measure lemons' robust medicinal drug, antiviral, and immune-boosting powers and their use as a weight loss aid as a result of juice could be a biological process aid and liver formulation. Lemons contain several substances-notably acid, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, bioflavonoids, pectin, and limonene-that promote immunity and fight infection. Aids Digestion. juice flushes out unwanted materials and toxins from the body. It's atomic composition is comparable to secretion and also the acid of biological process juices. It encourages the liver to provide digestive fluid that is AN acid that's needed for digestion. Lemons also are high in minerals and vitamins and facilitate loosen ama, or toxins, within the channel. The biological process qualities of juice facilitate to alleviate symptoms of stomach upset, equivalent to symptom, belching and bloating. The yank Cancer Society truly recommends providing heat lemon water to cancer sufferers to assist stimulate intestine movements. Cleanses Your System / could be a drug. juice helps flush out unwanted materials partly as a result of lemons increase the speed of elimination within the body. thus toxins square measure discharged at a quicker rate that helps keep your tract healthy. The acid in lemons helps maximize catalyst perform, that stimulates the liver and aids in detoxification. Boosts Your system. Lemons square measure high in ascorbic acid, that is nice for fighting colds. They're high in atomic number 19, that stimulates brain and nerve perform. atomic number 19 additionally helps management pressure. water-soluble vitamin (vitamin C) found in lemons demonstrates anti-inflammatory drug effects, and is employed as complementary support for respiratory illness and alternative metastasis symptoms and it enhances iron absorption within the body; iron plays a very important role in immune perform. Lemons additionally contain saponins, that show antimicrobial properties which will facilitate keep cold and respiratory disease treed. Lemons additionally scale back the number of phlegm created by the body. Improves Digestion Several components in lemon stimulate your liver to produce more bile needed for healthy digestion. Also, lemon assists the digestive system in flushing unwanted materials and toxins out of the body. Article Source http://toptenrankings.net A daily glass of warm lemon water helps relieve symptoms of indigestion, such as heartburn, belching and bloating. It also prevents constipation and diarrhea by promoting smooth bowel functioning. The American Cancer Society recommends this healthy drink to cancer patients to help stimulate bowel movements.

Biography of Lizzie Borden, Accused Murderer

Biography of Lizzie Borden, Accused Murderer Lizzie Borden (July 19, 1860–June 1, 1927), also known as  Lizbeth Borden or Lizzie Andrew Borden, is famous- or infamous- for allegedly murdering her father and stepmother in 1892. She was acquitted, but the murders are memorialized in a childrens rhyme: Lizzie Borden took an axeAnd gave her mother forty whacksAnd when she saw what she had doneShe gave her father forty-one. Fast Facts: Lizzie Borden Known For: Accused of killing her father and stepmother with an ax  Born: July 19, 1860 in Fall River, MassachusettsParents: Andrew Jackson Borden, Sarah Anthony, Abby Durfee Gray (stepmother)Died: June 1, 1927 in Fall River, MassachusettsEducation: Morgan Street School, high schoolNotable Quote: Maggie, come quick! Fathers dead. Somebody came in and killed him. Early Life Lizzie Borden was born on July 19, 1860, in Fall River, Massachusetts, the third of three children born to Andrew Jackson Borden (1822–1892) and Sarah Anthony Morse Borden (1823–1863). The eldest was Emma Lenora Borden (1851–1927). A middle child, a daughter, died in infancy. In 1865, Andrew Borden remarried to Abby Durfree Gray (1828–1892), and the couple and their daughters lived mostly quietly and uneventfully until 1892. Lizzie attended the Morgan Street School, which was not far from her home, and the local high school. After graduating, she was active at church by way of teaching Sunday school and serving as secretary of the local Christian Endeavor Society. She was also a member of the Womans Christian Temperance Union and dabbled in the Ladies Fruit and Flower mission. In 1890, Lizzie briefly traveled abroad with some friends. Family Conflict Andrew Borden started out his business career as an undertaker but bought rental properties and went into banking and textile mills as well. At the time of his death, he was a bank president and a director of several textile mills, and estimates said he was worth about $300,000 (about $8.5 million in 2019), not counting his real estate. He was, however, known for being miserly with his money. In contrast to the fathers wealth, the house they lived in was small and shabby, not in the part of town where the rest of Fall River elite society lived, and had neither electricity or indoor plumbing. In 1884 when Andrew gave his wifes half-sister a house, his daughters objected and fought with their stepmother, refusing thereafter to call her mother and calling her simply Mrs. Borden instead. Andrew tried to make peace with his daughters. In  1887, he gave them some funds and allowed them to rent out his old family home: at the time of the murders, Lizzie had a small weekly income and $2,500 in a bank account (what would be $70,000 today). Lizzies Difficulties According to various accounts, Lizzie was mentally disturbed. She was known to be a kleptomaniac- local shopkeepers would check for missing objects after she had been in and send a bill to her father, who paid them. And in 1891, Abbys jewelry box was rifled, after which her father bought locks for his bedroom door. In July 1892, Lizzie and her sister Emma went to visit some friends; Lizzie returned and Emma remained away. In early August, Andrew and Abby Borden were struck with an attack of vomiting, and Mrs. Borden told someone that she suspected poison. John Morse, the brother of Lizzies mother, came to stay at the house. Morse and Andrew Borden went into town together on the morning of August 4. Andrew came home alone. Killings The reconstruction of the crime found that around 9:30 a.m. on August 4, 1892, Abby was hacked to death with an ax, interrupted while she was in the guest bedroom. Andrew arrived about an hour later, met Lizzie and the maid at the door, and went to sleep on the sofa in the sitting room. He was killed, also hacked to death, at roughly 10:45 a.m. The maid, who had earlier been ironing and washing windows, was taking a nap when Lizzie called her to come downstairs. Lizzie said she had been in the barn and returned to find her father dead. After the doctor across the street was called, Abbys body was found. Because Andrew died without a will, his estate went to his daughters, not to Abbys heirs. Lizzie Borden was arrested in the killings. The Trial Lizzie Bordens trial began on June 3, 1893. It was widely covered by the local and national press. Some Massachusetts feminists wrote in Bordens favor. Townspeople split into two camps. Borden did not testify, having told the inquest that she had been searching the barn for fishing equipment and then eating pears outside during the time of the murders. She said, I am innocent. I leave it to my counsel to speak for me. Evidence included a report that shed tried to burn a dress a week after the murders (a friend testified it had been stained with paint)  and reports that she had tried to buy poison just before the murders. The murder weapon was never found for certain- a hatchet head that may have been washed and deliberately made to look dirty was discovered in the cellar. No blood-stained clothes were found. Without direct evidence of Lizzie Bordens part in the murder, the jury was not convinced of her guilt. She was acquitted on June 20, 1893. After the Trial Although the towns social elite supported Lizzie during the trial, they cooled to her after the acquittal. Lizzie remained in Fall River, but she and Emma bought a new and bigger home in the elite part of town that she called Maplecroft, and she began calling herself Lizbeth instead of Lizzie. She dropped her club and charity work and began attending theater performances in Boston. She and Emma had a falling out in 1904 or 1905, possibly over Emmas displeasure at Lizzies friends from the theater crowd. Both Lizzie and Emma also took in many pets and left part of their estates to the Animal Rescue League. At the time of her death, Lizzie was a very wealthy woman; her estate was worth approximately  $250,000, the equivalent of about $7 million in 2019 dollars. Death At the age of 66, Lizzie Borden died of pneumonia in Fall River, Massachusetts, on June 1, 1927, her legend as an accused murderer is still strong. Her sister Emma died a few days later, at her home in Newmarket, New Hampshire. They were both buried next to their father and stepmother. The home in which the murders took place opened as a bed-and-breakfast in 1992. Legacy The World Catalog lists 1,200 entries dedicated to Lizzie Borden, including 580 books, 225 articles, 120 videos, and 90 theatrical pieces, the latter including ballets, operas, plays, television and movie scripts, and musical scores. Google Scholar lists over 4,500 entries, including 150 in 2018 alone. There are other accused and convicted murderers who attract more attention, of course, but there is a seemingly unending fascination with this particular story, primarily speculation about why this Victorian middle-class woman may have killed her family. Among all the literature, books, movies and other forms of art, postulated possible and impossible hypotheses about why or whether Lizzie Borden did hack her parents to death include:   She was criminally insane, with a dual personality like Jekyll and Hyde.She was irresponsible and ill, and hysteric in the Victorian sense.She was a free spirit who was oppressed by Victorian values.She adored her father who infantilized her, and one day she snapped.She was physically abused by her father and stepmother.She was a victim of incest.She was angry because she missed exercising the social standing she felt she deserved.Her father killed her stepmother and then Lizzie killed him because of it.Somebody else did it (a stranger; a rejected suitor; her uncle; the maid).Her stepmother broke up Lizzies relationship with a lover.She was involved in a lesbian affair with the maid and the parents found out.She was in love with her sisters suitor.For the money. Sources Bartle, Ronald (2017).  Lizzie Borden and the Massachusetts Axe Murders. Sherfield-on-Loddon, Hampshire: Waterside Press.Kent, David and Robert A. Flynn. The Lizzie Borden Sourcebook. Boston: Branden Books, 1992.Lincoln, Victoria. A Private Disgrace: Lizzie Borden by Daylight: (A True Crime Fact Account of the Lizzie Borden Ax Murders). Seraphim Press, 1967.Robertson, Cara W. Representing Miss Lizzie: Cultural Convictions in the Trial of Lizzie Borden. Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 351 (1996): 351–416. Print.Roggenkamp, Karen S. H. A Front Seat to Lizzie Borden: Julian Ralph, Literary Journalism, and the Construction of Criminal Fact. American Periodicals 8 (1998): 60-77. Print.Schofield, Ann. Lizzie Borden Took an Axe: History, Feminism and American Culture. American Studies 34.1 (1993): 91–103. Print.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Lizzie Borden.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 15 July 2018.â€Å"Lizzie Borden.†Ã‚  Famous Trials .

An Analytical Essay on the Humor in Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Humor was added to Hamlet by two major scenes, along with Hamlet's use of his antic-disposition. These two were: the scene between Hamlet and Polonius in the library, and the scene with the grave diggers (the clowns).    The scene between Hamlet and Polonius took place in Act II Scene 2. In Hamlet's first encounter with Polonius, he immediately insulted the old man by calling him a "fishmonger". He then quickly changed his opinion and complemented Polonius by calling him an honest man. Hamlet said, "to be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand". As we know Polonius definitely was not such a man. Hamlet was portrayed as a clever lad, who was playing a psychological game with an old fool. He asked Polonius whether or not he had a daughter, pretending he did not know that Ophelia was Polonius's daughter. When Hamlet was asked about what he was reading, he replied by saying, "words, words, words". Throughout this scene, Hamlet revealed himself to Polonius as a mentally unstable man. He was playing a fool himself, while ingeniously using this to make Polonius look like an even bigger fool. He cleverly insulted Polonius' appearances indirectly, by referring to the book he was reading. According to that book old men had grey beards, their faces were wrinkled, they had a plentiful lack of wit, and so on. He was describing Polonius exactly. Perhaps the most humorous part took place when Hamlet, while saying, "for yourself, sir, shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you could go backward",   he advanced towards Polonius, causing him to walk backwards. Those words and the actions on the stage   revealed Hamlet to be a daring young man. When Polonius finally left, Hamlet dropped his pretense and yelled, "These tedious old fools!". In Act III Scene 2, Hamlet used a recorder, the musical instrument, as a telescope when Polonius entered the scene. He asked Polonius, "Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel?". Hamlet always pretended to be the madman in front of Polonius, while he actually made him look like an old fool.    The scene with the grave diggers (the clowns), took place in Act V Scene I. The clowns were discussing Ophelia's death and were making fun of the case of Sir James Hales, who also drowned himself.

Acids' Alkalis and PH Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Acids' Alkalis and PH - Term Paper Example Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) Cl-(aq) + HOCl(aq) + H+(aq) When a dilute solution of NaOH is added to an aqueous solution of chlorine, the OH- ions will react with the H+ ions (strong acid-base reaction). This will lead to a decrease in the concentration of H+(aq). According to Le Chatelier's principle, the reaction will shift to the side that opposes this change. This means that the reaction will shift to the right. (d) the temperature of an equilibrium mixture of 1 (d) is decreased 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) H = - 149 kJ mol-1 The reaction is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's principle, a decrease in the temperature of the equilibrium mixture causes the reaction to shift to the side that opposes that change. This entails that the reaction will shift to the right. 8 marks 3. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen were allowed to reach equilibrium at 450oC in a vessel of volume 1 dm3. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) The equilibrium mixture was found to contain 2 moles of sulphur trioxide, 0.5 moles of sulphur dioxide and 0.25 moles of oxygen. (a) Write an expression for Kc including units. [SO3 (g)]2 Kc = mol-1 dm3 [SO2(g)]2 [O2(g)] (b) Calculate Kc at 450oC. 22 Kc = = 64 mol-1 dm3 0.52 x 0.25 (c) What effect would adding a catalyst have on the position of equilibrium Adding a catalyst to the above reaction causes the forward and reverse reaction rate constants to be increased by the same amount. This means that equilibrium will be reached more quickly but will...This will lead to a decrease in the concentration of H+(aq). According to Le Chatelier's principle, the reaction will shift to the side that opposes this change. This means that the reaction will shift to the right. The reaction is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's principle, a decrease in the temperature of the equilibrium mixture causes the reaction to shift to the side that opposes that change. This entails that the reaction will shift to the right. Adding a catalyst to the above reaction causes the forward and reverse reaction rate constants to be increased by the same amount. This means that equilibrium will be reached more quickly but will have no effect of the position of equilibrium (Brown, LeMay and Bursten, 1991). Kc is the ratio of the forward and reverse reaction rate constants. As seen above, the catalyst will increase these reaction rates by the same amount. There will hence be no change in the value of Kc (Brown, LeMay and Bursten, 1991). When ammonia is dissolved in water, it accepts H+.

Landmark Decisions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Landmark Decisions - Assignment Example The rulings were important in shaping application of the constitution in practical terms (Plessy v. Ferguson) and also in securing the rights of the accused person in protecting his or her innocence (Miranda v. Arizona). Introduction In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, Homer Plessy challenged the Louisiana law requiring that black and white people ride in separate coaches on trains. His argument was that the 14th Amendment of the constitution was meant to guarantee equal protection and due process under the law. However the Supreme Court ruled that segregation under state law was constitutional as long as the facilities provided for the different races were equal. This â€Å"separate but equal† ruling sets the stage for segregation laws that stayed in force for the next 60 years. In the Miranda v. The Arizona Supreme Court held that an accused person’s confession was not to be admitted in court if it was found that he or she was not informed of their right to counsel or hav ing themselves protected against self-incrimination. It forms the basis of the Miranda warnings that are issued up to the present day before any interrogation by an arrested person is initiated (Landmark Rulings of the United States Supreme Court, n.d.). 1. The Plessy v. ... In passing the ruling, Justice Henry Brown noted that the â€Å"Separate but equal† statute merely implied a legal distinction between black and white and that it did not violate the Amendment because it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based on race or to enforce social equality. As far as the majority Justices were concerned, as long as the statute did not discriminate against the black population politically and merely sought to enforce social order then it was legal and constitutional. This very narrow interpretation of the constitution was entirely in line with the thinking at the time and was accepted and endorsed by all except one of the judges of the Supreme Court (Amar, 2011). In the Miranda v. Arizona ruling, the appellant had objected to the use of a confession that had been made without the accused being made aware of their Fifth Amendment rights (the right to not involuntarily incriminate oneself) and also on this Sixth Amendment right (the rig ht to legal counsel, provided free of charge if the accused cannot afford it). The Supreme Court ruling was a landmark in the way accused persons are questioned prior to being charged in court. It also made the reading of the accused’s rights a mandatory requirement. Initially there was fear that this decision would lead to as one of the justices said, the setting free of killers, rapists and other criminals who would then go out and commit crime again but it also emphasized the doctrine of presumption of innocence, a key constitutional right (Schauer, 2013). 1A. In the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, the lone dissenting voice was of Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan of Kentucky who held that the constitution is color

My opinion about Four Generations By Joyce Maynard Essay Example for Free

My opinion about Four Generations By Joyce Maynard Essay Joyce Maynard in The Four Generations has skillfully described her grandmother as a frail individual who used to be so dynamic once. Her style of writing makes her script colorful and does not let the reader get bored. She uses simple words yet implies deep meanings. In addition, not only does she bring examples to show the characters but she also uses the exact quotations to express the very same idea of them. Joyce Maynards strong ability to portray moments is another admirable skill of her in writing. Her use of words in simple sentences clearly shows the characteristics of her grandmother. We can realize that her grandmother was a naughty energetic woman who cracks nuts and was able to lift a car off the ground. She was also emotional, since she used to weep every time she had to say goodbye to her children, and nurse her relatives of her generation and even though she was old enough to forget everything, she wrote down notes to remind herself of her granddaughter and her child whom she had not seen yet. Instead of imposing an idea, Joyce Maynard brings examples to let the reader know her grandmother better. We can get from the text that she was determined. Though she never had much money she did not hesitate to let her daughter take piano lessons and elocution lessons; moreover, she sent her to college. We can see how caring she was, by paying attention to even a one-year-old child to see whether anybody takes care of her. And her physical power is stated when Joyce refers to a car accident where her grandmother lifted the car. The use of quotations is a good element to make her script more colorful. Many times Joyce brings exact words of her grandmother. To let the readers know her grandmother by her own tone of speaking. To show that she believed to be different -and in fact she was- Joyce repeats her own words at the illness bed when she was suffering from pancreatic cancer: Now I am different. Im yellow. And to show her firm character she states Im not always like this. Even though her grandmother had said she was ready to die, what she said in her last words to Joyce was I wish I had your hair  and I wish I was well. When Joyce wants to depict her grandmothers powerlessness in her last days, she mentions her body movements in a way that the reader can imagine it in all ways. Just like a puny baby, her grandmother waved to Joyces child in a kind of slow, finger-flexing movement and got the same reply from the little kid. Her way of speaking also shows that she wished to be better and enjoy the little childs presence. Finally Joyce illustrates the loss of her grandmother in a way that her own mother has lost a source of kindness and love. Her use of language and simple words and vivid examples and quotations made her essay more effective and powerful. She leaves the readers concentrating on the idea that once a mother passes away her beloved child is not a daughter anymore but just a mother who unquestioningly loves her own daughter.

Five Different Types of Knowledge That I Nurse Can Use to Care for Pati

The nurse, Allison, in the case study used a wide variety of knowledge in order to best care for her patients in a holistic approach. In this section, five different types of knowledge will be discussed and explained how Allison used each type to nurse her patients. Carper, Van der Zalm, Bergum and Wolfer described empirical knowledge as â€Å"the knowledge we consider to be â€Å"fact,† such as what we read in textbooks, or what has been demonstrated through research† (as cited in Bungay, 2005). Allison consistently applied empirical knowledge throughout the beginning of her shift. A few examples of when empirical knowledge was applied in her nursing included listening to report and gathering all the information on the patients in order to determine her priorities of care. Explaining the benefits of a nicotine patch to Mr. Nelson as well as when she determined Mr. Nelsons oxygen supply and demand was adequate due to her assessment of the cardiac monitors, his work of breath and by observing the colour of his skin. Another type of knowledge that Allison used in her patient care was ethical knowledge. Van der Zalm and Bergum determined that â€Å"ethical knowledge represents knowledge that supports us to choose and be responsible for the right action in a situation† (as cited in Bungay, 2005). An examples of when Allison used ethical knowledge in her care was when she made the ethical decision on which patient she should visit first, that being Mrs. Johnson. This is an example of ethical knowledge because since Mrs. Johnson was the newest admit, and had had a cardioversion forty-five minutes prior, she was the most unstable patient of Allison’s. Had Allison made the choice to assess her other patient’s first it would have not been the re... ...to her about how they were feeling regarding their hospitalization. Finally, the effects of the immediate environment play a role in the interactions between a nurse and then patient. Being in the hospital, there are many foreign sounds such as call bell and codes going on all the time. Although Allison may have use to the loud noises on the ward, for the patients, this is new to them. This could have played a factor in Mr. Nelson’s inability to sleep, which altered his mood. Being in a new environment, especially a hospital can be unnerving for patients taking them out of their comfort zones. References Bungay, V. (2005). Module 1 High Acuity Nursing Practice [PDF document]. J.L. Dehaan, 2012, (Ed.). British Columbia Institute of Technology, School of Health Sciences. Retrieved from https://learn.bcit.ca/d2l/le/content/188743/viewContent/1059245/View

An Information Technology System For a School Essay

ANALYSIS: To aid in investigation of the problem, two interviews were carried out. One was with the school principal, and the other with the school administrator. In preparation of the interviews a list of topics for discussion was drawn up, and included these checkpoints: * What the new system hopes to achieve, exactly. * The problems in the current system. * The methods currently employed to input data into the system. * The information that is required per file, i.e., for each student what fields will have to be input. * The format of the required output. * The volume of data expected, e.g., how many students are expected to enroll, or how many new teachers will be required. * Any hardware or software constraints, such as the new system only being able to run with a particular operating system. Interview 1: This interview was with the school’s principal, Mrs. Monica Stakich. It took place in her office, on appointment, and was as follows: Q: Mrs. Stakich, your school has built up quite a reputation of excellence over the years as shown by its grades. How do you intend to maintain this? A: Well, the school has always prided itself on its academic achievements, and this is due to our students being dedicated in their studies, which shows itself in the superior grades. We will be fine if we can continue this trend. Q: You are shifting to new custom-built premises and are also expanding your range of activities offered. Why have you made this decision? A: We are changing our status to an authorized ‘A’ level Center. As such, we will need the appropriate facilities to meet the requirements for this standard. Also, the school expects a significant increase in enrolments at both ‘O’ and ‘A’ Levels, so the space is needed to provide for these new students. Q: How many students do you currently have in your institution? And how many do you expect to enroll in the future? A: The school currently caters to a population of around 2500 students, but we expect an influx of around 1000 students next year. Q: How do you access a file of a student or a teacher? Do you find it yourself on your computer or does the secretary do it for you? A: I can access files of both students and customers from my own PC, as well as any other file, such as stationery, electricity bills, etc. But I must also focus more on the task of running the school itself, so I usually let my secretary handle all the files. She herself gets these files from the school system administrator. I only check a file myself if we need to consider carefully the person, or file in question, for example a teacher for an important position. Q: Thank you very much for your time, Mrs. Stakich. A: You’re welcome. Analysis of the Interview: The interview, on analysis, showed the school to be result-driven, as indicated by the Headmistress’s comments. But more importantly, it also showed that she did not focus on the file input and retrieval system in particular herself, and on the school’s information system in general. The actual file control and handling was carried out by the system administrator, who could provide us with insight of the current system’s workings. Interview 2: An interview was arranged with Mr. Mark Glasse, the system administrator, in his office. It proceeded as follows: Q: How long have you been working here, Mr. Glasse? A: Its been around four years since I started wok for the school. Q: How many times has the system been updated since you started work? A: We’ve updated thrice so far. Q: What changes had been made during these updates? A: Well, once we had to increase our disk space to around 10 GB to cope with increased student information on Health Cards, as was required by a new Government law. Another time we had to modify our input procedure, it being too manual, with almost unnecessary paperwork involved, so we had to purchase new input devices. And there was also the time when we had to call in a professional security company to install anti-hacking programs when our database was actually hacked into. Q: What input devices do you work with? How is output shown? A: I use a keyboard, a mouse, a web-camera and a scanner as input devices. Output is displayed on a monitor, or on a plotter as is appropriate. And, of course, I often have to print out some files using a laser printer. Q: And your system configuration? A: I use a Pentium 2, 333 MHz Processor, with 32 MB RAM, 4 GB hard disk with Windows 98 as my operating system. I also have other software such as MS Visual Studio and MS Office 2000 installed on my computer. Q: Mr. Glasse, what is the general procedure that you follow if you were asked to, for example, update a file? A: First of all, I would have to get an approved notice from someone in an authoritative position, for example the Headmistress, or the Head Administrator. This note would be attached to a Modification Form showing details of the file that needs to be updated. The authorization slip has to be filed into a drawer in my desk, and I just have to access the file using the code given on the Form and change the required fields. I have the Menu on my Desktop, Mrs. Stakich and I are the only ones who know the Password so I’ve never thought about changing it, once in the records I go to the Search Command to call up the file in question, and make the changes required. On exiting the database, I go have to fill out another form, a Proof Form, as it is known as, to acknowledge my action. This form then returns to the top-level to the individual who initially authorized it. Q: How often do errors occur using this procedure? A: As you can see, the system is designed in such a way that carrying out the procedure makes it prone to errors. We’re still lucky to have a few students and teachers, basically small files is what I mean to say, which do not have to be updated too often, so they aren’t too many mistakes. Even if there are, they can easily be located and corrected due to the small size of our database. Q: OK, now what about the plus points of this system? For example, is it easy to use? Is it efficient? Do you feel that you yourself are performing at an optimum level with this system? A: Ill have to think this question over. Yes, for sure it is easy to use. I just have to type in an identifier code for each record, and the particular record is searched for and displayed. Its that simple. I don’t think its efficient though. As the number of files increases the system takes longer and longer to search the database to produce the results I was looking for. It only follows that I myself feel I am under-performing at my job, as some time will definitely be wasted in waiting for results. Q: Are you satisfied with the system performing only these functions? A: Yes, I am. I would like it to be faster though, and even up-to-date, technologically speaking. Q: Thank you, Mr. Glasse, for your cooperation. You’ve been a great help. A: The pleasure was all mine. Analysis of the Interview: This interview was more enlightening than the one with Mrs. Stakich, for we were able to focus on the technical side of the school’s database system. Certain glaring shortcomings of the current system came to light, such as a very limited database size, as indicated by the system being upgraded the first time. This further tells us that the system itself, with all its components, is out-of-date. In such a state, it may also be incompatible with other systems, should it be desired to connect to these for data exchange purposes. Another significant weakness is the fact that the third upgrade was for security reasons, which means that the Password Protection was initially low. Mr. Glasse also said that it takes longer to search for a required field if there are many records – this is only fair, but there aren’t too many records right now, so we can expect the system to have some sort of linear search function in operation, unsuitable for large databases. The program, although performing just a few main functions, is slow, again pointing to its near obsoleteness. Its low productivity has an effect on the human element involved, as Mr. Glasse himself feels as if he has not fully achieved his full potential. Lack of motivation could cause further falls in productivity. The system also has standard input devices (mouse and keyboard), as well as standard output devices (printer, scanner and plotter), needed to process data and produce the desired results. The system also runs on a fairly fast processor, as given by the computer’s configuration. However it is unlikely that the system uses any of the other software packages (apart from the Wi ndows 98 operating system) so these, as powerful as they are, aren’t being utilized. MAIN WEAKNESSES OF CURRENT SYSTEM: Based on the knowledge gained in these interviews, it is possible to finalize the main shortcomings of the system currently in use: * Small disk space. The disk space used for storage of data is relatively small as it needed to be upgraded beforehand. With all the new enrolments expected, as well as other related increases, such as electricity and water, teachers’ salaries, etc the available disk space will not be sufficient. * Poor security level. Security forms an important part of any system, and the fact that the database was hacked into shows just how weak security really is. The password used seems to be outdated and it is likely that people other than those authorized know it. Laxed security is especially important here as we are dealing with the personal records of students and teachers, not to mention important transactions such as total fees received, expenses, and so on. So security, despite being of paramount importance, isn’t given the priority it should be. * Inconvenience The normal procedure to accomplish a single task is lengthy and time-consuming. It also involves unnecessary paperwork. This would exhibit itself as delays in processing, as a single instruction would have to be passed through many stages before being received by the sender once again as feedback. * Basic obsoleteness. As seen from the interview, Mr. Glasse uses a relatively fast processor. Despite this speed, we still find that the speed of running the system is slow especially when new records are added. This means that the components of the system itself are slow and outdated. This weakness especially comes into focus when we consider the fact that nowadays systems are rarely independent. One system has to be connected to at least one more system, with data exchange taking place between these. However, if their speeds are not compatible they will not be able to function at their optimum level. If the system were to exchange information over the Internet then this incompatibility could become a problem. OBJECTIVES OF THE NEW SYSTEM: 1) To provide quick access to the files in the database. Many files will now be in the system and it is necessary that they be reached quickly. 2) To maintain a higher level of security. This ensures that the database is viewed and controlled only by those who have the proper authority to do so. 3) To minimize ‘red tape’ involved in making changes to the records. The previous system involved a lot of paperwork and proved to be costly in terms of time (therefore money), so this new system aims to reduce that by quickly and efficiently processing an instruction. 4) To be user-friendly. Step-by-step guidance ensures that the user can easily find his way around the database to perform the desired task. A Flowchart of how data would be passed along the new system is as follows: SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: Standard input devices, such as a mouse, a keyboard, a scanner and a web-camera will be needed for this system to operate (the mouse and keyboard are the main ones, the others for inputting photos and such graphics). Output devices will be plotters and printers. Hardware: The CPU requirement for this system include at least 100 MHz Pentium processor and 16 MB RAM. Software: It is necessary to have an operating system such as Windows 98 as well as MS Visual Basic program installed, as this is the front-end program to be used for this system, with Access 7.0 being the back-end program. The user will be Mr. Glasse, and his computer already exceeds the requirements for this system to function efficiently. His IT skills will also be relevant: since he already has MS Office 97 installed he will already know the basics behind Access 7.0 and should find no problem in entering the data. It must be remembered that the system to be developed is intended to replace the outdated system in current use. The current system is slow, inefficient and incompatible. Its replacement will be better than it in all these respects, and should bring the database up to the level of technology today.

Msn 3.02-03-2002

Source: IS PARAGRAPH-WWW http://online. prg. kz INTERSTATE CONSTRUCTION NORMS MSN 3. 02-03-2002 Buildings and Premises for Institutions and Organisations Contents Introduction 1 Scope 2 Codes and standards 3  Terms and definitions 4 General 5 Requirements to premises 6 Fire safety 7 Safety in use 8 Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements 9 Energy conservation 10 Durability and maintainability Appendix ? (mandatory). References Appendix B (mandatory).Terms and definitions Appendix C (mandatory). Rules for calculating the total area of buildings, area of premises, total structural volume, footprint area and number of building floors during design Appendix D (mandatory). List of premises in buildings of institutions that can be located on underground and semi-basement floors Introduction This document contains norms and regulations for a group of buildings and premises with common functional and space/layout features and designed ainly for intellectual labour and non -production activities that are different from buildings designed for production of tangible assets and provision of services to the public. The defining features of this group of buildings are: composition of the main functional groups of premises, space/layout structure, same functional fire class of buildings/structures taking into account methods of use (during day time only), fire risk degree and characteristics of main personnel as established by MSN 2. 2-01. In accordance with the principles defined in MSN 1. 01-01, this document sets out a number of mandatory normative requirements to operational characteristics of building used by organisations and institutions, including and first of all the requirements to their safety and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements. Participants in development of this document are: Viktorova L.A, Cand. Arch (FTsS Stroy-sertifikatsiya of Russian Federation Gosstroy); Garnets A. M. , Cand. Arch (Public Buildings Institute), G lukharev V. A. , Sopotsko S. Yu. , Cand. Tech. Sci. (Russian Federation Gosstroy); Lerner I. I. , Cand. Arch (â€Å"TsNIIEP named after Mezentsev B. S. † CJSC); Skrob L. A. , Cand. Arch; Storozhenko T. E. , (â€Å"TsNIIpromzdaniy† CJSC). 1 ScopeThis document shall be applied during design, construction and operation of new and refurbished buildings used by institutions and organisations, including: institutions of local government control bodies; administrative buildings of various enterprises, including industrial ones; offices and buildings of scientific research, design and development organisations; buildings of financial institutions and banks, buildings of legal institutions and public prosecution bodies; editing and publishing organisations (with the exception of printing houses), as well as buildings and premises of other non-production institutions using their premises during a part of the day time for accommodation of permanent personnel accustomed to the loc al conditions. This document sets out requirements to safety and other operational characteristics of buildings that are mandatory for all legal entities and private individuals carrying out design and construction of buildings for institutions and organisations (hereinafter â€Å"buildings of institutions†).In addition to this document, other, more general codes and standards shall be complied with during design and construction of buildings and premises for the above institutions if they do not conflict with the requirements of this document. This document applies to all buildings regardless of the sources of financing (state or municipality budget or own funds of developers that carry out construction of buildings for own needs or for rental purposes). This document does not apply to design of buildings for the Government, police, security and defence bodies, customs services, embassies and other facilities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in other countries, state archi ves, buildings of laboratory and experimental facilities and special structures of scientific research institutes, as well as office premises placed inside mobile buildings. 2 Codes and standardsThis document contains references to codes and standards listed in Appendix ?. 3  Terms and definitions Definitions of terms used in this document are provided in Appendix B. 4 General 4. 1 Design, construction and refurbishment of buildings of institutions shall be in accordance with the requirements of this document and other codes and standards stipulating rules for design and construction and on the basis of Permit to Construct confirming the right of owner, user or lessee of the land plot (hereinafter â€Å"the Client/Developer†) to carry out development as described in design documentation agreed and approved in accordance with the established procedures. 4. Arrangement of the proposed buildings and structures on the land plot allocated for construction shall be in accordance with restrictions established by the effective legislation, design and construction codes and standards, Architectural Planning Assignment and Permit to Construct. 4. 3 Design and construction of buildings of institutions shall include provisions, in accordance with current codes and standards, to ensure accessibility for people with limited mobility working in or visiting these buildings. This requirement shall be described in detail in the Technical Design Assignment, stating, if necessary, the number of disabled persons and types of disability. 4. 4 Premises of institutions proposed to be located within residential buildings shall be designed in accordance with both this document and the requirements of other current codes and standards to public premises inside residential buildings. 4. Building load-bearing structures shall be designed to prevent the following effects during construction and in normal operating conditions: destruction of or damage to structures requiring discon tinuation of building operation; unacceptable deterioration of operational characteristics of structures or buildings as a result of deformations of formation of fractures. 4. 6 Building bases and structures shall be designed to withstand the following loads and effects: permanent gravity loads from lead-bearing and enclosing structures; temporary uniformly distributed and concentrated loads on floor slabs; snow loads typical for the construction region; wind loads typical for the construction region; hazardous geophysical effects typical for the construction region.Normative values of the above loads, adverse combinations of loads or corresponding forces, structure deflection and movement limits and values of reliability factors in terms of load shall be assumed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Additional client requirements to loads from heavy elements of equipment stated in the Technical Design Assignment shall also be taken into account. 4. 7 L oad bearing and deformation analysis methods used in design of structures shall comply with the requirements of current codes and standards on structures made of relevant materials. On undermined land, subsiding soils, in seismically active areas and in other complex geology conditions buildings shall be sited taking into account additional requirements of the relevant regulations. 4. Building foundation design shall take into account physical and mechanical properties of soils indicated in the relevant regulations, hydrogeological conditions of the development site and aggresiveness of soils and groundwater to foundations and buried utilities and ensure the required uniformity and speed of soil base settlement under buildings. 4. 9 Buildings and premises of institutions shall be provided with cold and hot water supply systems, waste water systems, rainwater drainage facilities, as well as separate or combined fire water main in accordance with current codes and standards. Water sup ply systems inside buildings shall be separate or combined domestic/potable and fire water supply systems.Hot water supply outlets shall be provided for process equipment of canteens and buffets, for taps of cleaning utensils rooms, for washbasins of medical rooms and lavatories, for female personal hygiene cabins and other devices in accordance with the Technical Design Assignment. 4. 10 HVAC systems of buildings shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards and requirements Sections 7-9 of this document. Inlets of heating networks into buildings shall be provided with heating stations (individual and central heating stations). 4. 11 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with electric equipment, electric lighting, city telephone lines, wired radio and television systems.If necessary in accordance with special requirements of departmental construction codes and Technical Design Assignment, complexes of buildings and individual buildings o r premises shall be equipped with local (internal) telephone systems, local wired radio and television systems, public address/entertainment systems, amplification and interpreting systems, time signalling devices, fire and security alarm systems, fire public address systems (in accordance with the current codes and standards), gas, smoke and flooding alarms, utility systems automation and building management systems, as well as other devices and multi-purpose low-current power supply system. 4. 12 Electric equipment for installation in buildings of institutions shall be designed in accordance with current regulations approved in accordance with the established procedures. 4. 3 Lightning protection of buildings shall be designed taking into account presence of television antennae and telephone/wired radio masts in accordance with current codes and standards. 4. 14 Gas supply systems of buildings of institutions shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of current codes a nd standards. 4. 15 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with waste and dust removal systems. Waste removal systems shall be designed on the basis of regional daily waste accumulation standards (taking into account the level of amenities provided in the buildings). Waste removal facilities shall be aligned with waste removal system of the settlement in question. The requirement for provision of a refuse chute shall be stipulated in the Technical Design Assignment.Buildings without refuse chutes shall be provided with refuse collection chamber or utility area. 4. 16 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with passenger lifts if the difference in height between entrance hall and the top floor is 12 m or greater; if such buildings are constantly visited by the public, lifts shall be provided when the above difference is 9 m or greater; if on the second and higher floors there are premises for the disabled, in accordance with current codes and standards. The requirement for provision of other vertical transport facilities in buildings of institutions shall be stipulated by the Technical Design Assignment.The required number of passenger lifts shall be determined on the basis of calculations, normally, this number shall be two; one lift in the building (passenger or freight/passenger lift) shall have the cabin at least 2100 mm deep to allow transportation of one person on a stretcher. In buildings of institutions having 10 or more floors, one of the passenger lifts shall be designed to carry fire brigades in accordance with requirements of current codes and standards. If an attic floor is being added to an existing building with 9 floors, installation of this type of lift is not mandatory. If atria is provided, this type of lift shall be installed in buildings having 7 or more floors. In buildings less than 28 m high (bottom of upper window opening – in accordance with MSN 2. 02-01) having not more than two lifts, they can be installed in a stair case. 4. 7 Subject to Client/Developer request, documentation on buildings of institutions shall additionally include heat-and-power engineering passport and operating instructions. The purpose of heat-and-power engineering passport is to establish heat-and-power engineering characteristics and power consumption of the building. It shall be drawn up in accordance with procedures and format established by current codes and standards taking into account provision of Section 9 of this document. Operation instructions shall contain requirements and provisions necessary to ensure safety of buildings and structures during operation, including information on the main tructures and utility systems, layouts of concealed framework elements, concealed electric wiring and utilities, as well as limit values of loads for structural elements and electric networks. This information can be presented as copies of as-built documentation. 5 Requirements to premises 5. 1 Normally, premises in buildings of institutions constitute the following main functional groups: ?) management offices; b) work premises of structural subdivisions of institutions and organisations; c) premises for meetings and/or conference rooms; d) IT/ technical premises, including: technical libraries, design offices, archive rooms, premises housing IT equipment, etc. depending on the Technical Design Assignment; e) entrance premises, including: entrance hall, additional space between entrance lobby and entrance hall, cloakroom, access badge issue bureau, security guard room; f) customer service premises, including: premises of public catering and healthcare enterprises, lavatories, amenity premises for maintenance and operation personnel, sports/recreational premises, etc. ; g) building maintenance premises, including: repair workshops, stores of different intended use, etc. ; h) premises for utility equipment, including: ventilation chambers, premises with electric power distribution panels, etc. 5. 2 Compos ition and area of and functional interdependencies between premises in buildings of institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards.Composition of premises in functional Groups ?) – d) and g) shall be established in the Technical Design Assignment, their area is determined by state departmental or process standards, however, it shall be noted that at least 6 m2 shall be allowed for each employee in the premises of functional Group b) (excluding space for special furniture for office equipment). Composition, equipment (including sanitary devices) and area of premises in Groups e) and f) shall be determined in accordance with standards stipulated in the existing codes and standards. 5. 3 Composition and area of premises for IT and communications equipment, as well as requirements thereto shall be determined in special Technical Design Assignment attached to the main Technical Design Assignmen t. 5. Composition and area of special-purpose premises of financial, banking, legal and other institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment taking into account the current codes and standards. 5. 5 Height of premises measured from floor to ceiling shall be at least 3 ?. In small offices located within residential buildings and industrial offices located in administrative/amenity buildings, height of premises can be the same as the height adopted for such buildings. 5. 6 Height of corridors and halls shall be at least 2. 4 m, in offices located within residential buildings and industrial offices located in administrative/amenity buildings, at least 2. 2 m. Width of corridors shall comply with the requirements of fire prevention norms, however, it shall be at least 1. 2 m if corridor length is 10 m, at least 1. ? if corridor length exceeds 10 m and at least 2. 4 m if corridors are used as lobbies or spaces for accommodation of waiting visitors. 5. 7 Height of mec hanical floors shall be assumed taking into account equipment and utilities they will accommodate and operating conditions of such equipment and utilities, the clear height of such floors along passageways of maintenance personnel shall be at least 1. 8 m. 5. 8 The distance between the most distant premises to the nearest passenger lift shall not be greater than 60 m. Exits from passenger lifts shall lead into a lift hall, including entrance or other hall is lift hall is a part thereof. Passenger lift hall shall be: at least 1. x the minimum lift cage depth if lifts are arranged in a single row; at least double the minimum cage depth if lifts are arranged in two rows. Width of lift hall in front of lifts with cage depth of 2100 mm and greater shall be at least 2. 5 m or, if there are two rows of lifts, at least equal to the double the minimum cage depth. Store rooms and other premises designed for storage of combustible materials shall not have exits leading directly into the lift h all. 5. 9 Requirement for provision of civil defence premises in buildings of institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with agreement made with Civil Defence Headquarters as required by the current codes and standards. 6 Fire safety 6. 1 General 6. 1. Fire safety requirements stipulated by this document are based on provisions and classifications of MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 1. 2 Except as otherwise specifically set forth in this document, terms and definitions used in this section are in accordance with ST SEV 383 and GOST 12. 1. 033. 6. 1. 3 This document shall be complied with in the design of buildings up to 50m high of functional fire risk class ?(F) 4. 3 (as per MSN 2. 02-01), as well as premises of these class built into buildings of other functional fire risk class. Class ?(F) 4. 3 built-in or built-in/lean-to premises of residential buildings shall also conform to the requirements of current codes and standards.For buildings higher than 50 m, technical specifications shall be developed containing additional measures taking into account specifics of fire protection in accordance with 1. 5* MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 1. 4 Automatic fire detection, extinguishing and alarm installations shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 6. 2 Provision of public safety 6. 2. 1 Width of escape exits and stairways shall be determined depending on the number of escaping personnel via the exit per 1m of width in buildings: of fire-resistance rating I and II and fire risk class (SO)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. not more than 165 people of fire-resistance rating III and IV and fire risk class ?(SO), ?1(S1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦not more than 115 people of fire-resistance rating III and IV and fire risk class ?2(S2), (S3) of fire-resistance rating V and all fire risk classes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. not more than 80 peopl e Also, the width of escape exits shall be determined taking into account the requirements of Item 6. 16, that of stairways, taking into account the requirements of Item 6. 29 of MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 2. 2 Distances along escape routes from doors of the most distant premises (with the exception of lavatories, wash-rooms, smoking rooms and other amenity premises that are not permanently manned) to the exit leading outside or into a staircase shall not exceed distances indicated in Table 6. 1. Capacity of premises with exits leading into a dead-end corridor or hall shall not exceed 80 people. Table 6. 1Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk class of buildings| Distance, in metres, when density of traffic in a corridor is*), persons/m2| | | up to 2| from over 2 to 3| from over 3 to 4| from over 4 to 5| over 5| ?. From premises located between staircases or exits leading outside| I and II| (SO)| 60| 50| 40| 35| 20| III IV| (SO), ?1(S1) (SO), ?1(S1)| 40| 35| 30| 25| 15| III | ?2(S2),(S3)| 30| 25| 20| 15| 10| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)  | | | | | | V| Not specified  | | | | | | B. From premises with exits leading into a dead-end corridor or hall| I and II| (SO)| 30| 25| 20| 15| 10| III| (SO), ?1(S1)| 20| 15| 15| 10| 7| IV| (SO), ?1(S1)  | | | | | |III| ?2(S2),(S3)| 15| 10| 10| 5 | 5| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)  | | | | | | V| Not specified  Ã‚  | | | | | | *) Ratio of the number of people evacuating from premises to the area of escape route corridor. | 6. 2. 3 Large rooms (conference rooms, dining rooms of canteens, etc. ) shall be placed on floors indicated in Table 6. 2. In determination of the highest possible floor for large rooms with sloping floors, floor level shall be assumed to be equal to the level of the first row of seats. Table 6. 2 Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk class| Number of seats| Floor| I, II| (SO)| Up to 300From over 300 to 600From over 300 to 600| 1-161-51-3| II| ?1| Up to 300| 1-3|IIIIII| CO?1| From over 300 to 600U p to 300From over 300 to 600| 1-21-21| IV| ,?1| Up to 300| 1| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)| Up to 100| 1| V| Not specified| Up to 100| 1| 6. 2. 4 The maximum distance from any point of large rooms to the nearest escape exit shall no exceed the distance indicated in Table 6. 3. Table 6. 3 Intended use| Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk classof buildings| Distance (m) in rooms with volume, thousand m3| | | | up to 5| from 5 to 10| Exhibition halls, conference rooms, gyms, etc. | I, II| (SO)| 30| 45| | III| (SO)| ditto| ditto| | III| ?1| 20| 30| | IV| (SO), ?1(S1)| ditto| ditto| | IV| ?2(S2)-(S3)| 15| -| | V| Not specified| ditto| -|Dining and readinghalls, with area of the main passageway providing at least 0. 2m per each evacuating person| I, II| (SO)| 65| -| | III| (SO)| ditto| -| | III| ?1| 45| -| | IV| (SO), ?1(S1)| ditto| -| | IV| ?2(S2)-(S3)| 30| -| | V| Not specified| ditto|   | Note: Symbol â€Å"-† in the table indicates that premises of this type can not havethe indicated volume. | 6. 2. 5 The number of steps in one flight of stairs between landings (with the exception of curved stairs) shall not exceed 16. The number of steps in single-flight stairs or single flight of two- or three-flight stairs within the limits of ground floor shall not exceed 18. 6. 2. Type 3 stairs can be used as the second escape route from the first floor. Type 3 stairs shall be designed for the following maximum numbers of evacuating people: 70 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings I and II and fire risk class (SO); 50 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings III and IV and fire risk classes (SO) and C1(S1); 30 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings III and IV and fire risk classes ?2(S2) and C3(S3), for buildings of fire-resistance rating V. 6. 2. 7 If walkways leading to external stairs pass through flat roofs or external open galleries, load-bearing structures of roofs and galleries shall be designed to have fire-resistanc e limit REI 30 and fire risk class . 6. Prevention of fire propagation 6. 3. 1 Fire-resistance rating, structural fire risk class and permissible height of buildings (as per MSN 2. 02-01) and floor area within a fire compartment shall be assumed in accordance with Table 6. 4. Elements of load-bearing structures in two or more storey high buildings of fire-resistance rating IV shall have fire-resistance limit R45 or better. If premises are provided with automatic fire extinguishing installations, areas indicated in Table 6. 4 can be increased by 100 %, with the exception of buildings of fire-resistance rating IV with fire risk class or ?1, as well as buildings of fire-resistance rating V. Table 6. stipulates standards for buildings and fore compartments of different categories and pre-defined combinations of fire-resistance ratings and structural fire risk classes. For combinations not included in the table, floor area and building height shall be assumed as for the lowest of the in dicated values for the particular building category, or agreed in accordance with procedures defined in Item 1. 6 of MSN 2. 02-01. Table 6. 4 Fire-resistance rating of buildings  Ã‚  | Structural fire risk class  Ã‚  | Permissible height of buildings, m  Ã‚  | Floor area within a fire compartment, in metres, when the number of floors is:| | | | 1| 2| 3| 4-5| 6-9| 10-16| I| (SO)| 50| 6000| 5000| 5000| 5000| 5000| 2500| II| (SO)| 50| 6000| 4000| 4000| 4000| 4000| 2200| II| CI| 28| 5000| 3000| 3000| 2000| 1200| -|III| (SO)| 15| 3000| 2000| 2000| 1200| -| -| III| CI| 12| 2000| 1400| 1200| 800| -| -| IV| CO| 9| 2000| 1400| 1200| -| -| -| IV| CI| 6| 2000| 1400| -| -| -| -| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)| 6| 1200| 800|   | -| -| -| V| CI-C3| 6| 1200| 800| -| -| -| -| Notes: 1. Here and further in Section 6 height of buildings is determined in accordance with MSN 2. 02-01 (see note to Item 1. 5*) and measured from the surface that fire engines are driving on to the lower boundary of opening on the top floor (not top mechanical floor). 2. Symbol â€Å"-† in the table means that a building of the particular fire-resistance rating can not have the indicated number of storeys.   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Floor area between fire walls of single-storey buildings having a two-storey part occupying less than 15% of building area shall be assumed as for a single-storey building. Fire-resistance rating of building lean-to canopies, terraces and galleries, as well as other buildings and structures separated by fire-rated walls can be assumed to be by one level lower than fire-resistance rating of the building. 6. 3. 2 To ensure the required fire-resistance limit of load-bearing elements in buildings of fire-resistance rating I, II and ?, use of structural fire protection only is permitted (siding, concrete coating, plastering, etc. ). 6. 3. Attic floor in buildings of fire-resistance rating I, II and III can be assumed to have load-bea ring structures with fire-resistance limit R45, provided that such structures will have fire risk class and will be separated from lower storeys by Type 2 fire-rated floor structure. In this case, attic floor shall be separated by Type 1 fire-rated partitions into compartments having an area: not greater than 2000 m2 for buildings of fire-resistance ratings I and II or not greater than 1400 m2 for buildings of fire-resistance rating III. Fire-rated partitions shall protrude above the roof as a fire-rated wall in accordance with Item 6. 3. 5 of this document.In attics of buildings up to 28 m high inclusive, use of wooden structures with fire protection providing fire risk class is allowed. 6. 3. 4 Roofing, roof timbers and lathing can be made of combustible materials. In lofts of buildings (with the exception of buildings of fire-resistance rating V) with roof timbers and lathing made of combustible materials, roofing shall not be made of combustible materials, roof timbers and lat hing shall be subjected to fire-proofing treatment ensuring loss of wood mass during tests described in GOST 4686 not greater than 13 %. 6. 3. 5 Fire-rated wall shall protrude above the roof: by at least 60 cm if any of the elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) aterials; by at least 30 cm if elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) materials. Protrusion of fire-rated walls above the roofing is not mandatory if all elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group (NG) materials. 6. 3. 6 Fire-rated walls of buildings with external walls constructed using Group ?1(G1), ?2(G2), (G3) or ?4(G4) materials shall cross such walls and extend beyond the wall external surface by at least 30 cm. If external walls made of Group (NG) materials have continuous band windows, fire-rated walls shall separate windows. In this case, extension of f ire-rated wall beyond the wall external surface is not mandatory.Fire-rated walls can have ventilation and chimney channels, however, in their locations, fire-rated wall fire-resistance limit on both sides of a channel shall be at least REI 150 in the case of Type I fire-rated walls and at least REI 45 in the case of Type II fire-rated walls. Fire-rated floors shall adjoin external walls made of Group (NG) materials without gaps. Fire-rated floors in buildings with Class ?. 1, ?2 and external walls or with glazing at the floor structure level shall cross such walls and glazing. 6. 3. 7 If a building is divided into fire compartments, the wall of the higher and wider compartment shall serve as fire-rated wall.External part of fire-rated wall can be used for placement of windows, doors and gates with non-specified fire-resistance limits, at a vertical distance above the roofing of adjoining compartment of at least 8 m and horizontal distance from walls of at least 4 m. 6. 3. 8 Placem ent of fire-rated walls or fire-rated partitions in locations where one part of a building adjoins another at an angle shall be such as to ensure that the horizontal distance between the nearest edges of opening in external walls is at least equal to 4 m, whereas at least 4m parts of walls and roof eaves/cave adjoining to fire-rated wall or partition at an angle shall be made of Group (NG) materials. If the distance between the indicated opening is less than 4 m, they shall be filled with Type 2 fire-rated doors or windows. 6. 3. Walls, partitions, floor structures, roofs and other enclosing structures of buildings shall not have voids restricted by Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials, with the exception of voids: in wooden structures of floors and roofs divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 54 m, and also along contours of internal walls; between steel or aluminium corrugated sheets and vapour insulation, provided that behind the vapour insulation there is a heat in sulation layer made of Group (NG), ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) material. If heat insulation is made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials (including heat insulation without vapour insulation), such voids at sheet edges shall be filled with Group (NG), ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) mate ials to a depth of at least 25 cm; between Group structures and their facings made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials from the side of premises, provided that voids are divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 3 m2; between facing made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials and external surfaces of walls of single-storey buildings having a height from the reference ground level to the eaves of 6 m maximum and footprint area not exceeding 300 m2, provided that voids are divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 7. 2 m2. Blind walls can be made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials, with the exception of thermoplastic cellular plastics. 6. 3. 10 Voids in building roofs with corrugated metal sheeting and h eat insulation layer made of Group ?1(G1)-?4(G4) materials shall be filled with Group (NG) materials to 250 mm depth in locations of sheeting junctions with walls, movement joints and skylight frames, as well as from each side of roof ridges and valley. 6. 3. 1 Enclosing structures of passages between buildings shall have fire-resistance limit equal to that of the main building. Pedestrian and utility tunnels shall be made of non-combustible materials. In location of junctions with passages and tunnels, walls shall have fire risk class and fire-resistance limit REI 45. Doors installed in openings of such walls and leading into passages and tunnels shall be Type 2 fire-rated doors. 6. 3. 12 Staircase doors leading into common corridors, lift hall doors and lockable lobby doors shall be provided with door closers and rabbet seals and shall not have locks that prevent door opening without a key. 6. 3. 3 In buildings over 4 storeys high, toughened or reinforced glass or glass blocks sh all be used as light-transmitting filling material for doors, transoms (in doors, partitions and walls, including internal walls of staircases) and partitions. In buildings with 4 storeys or less, all types of light-transmitting filling materials can be used. In buildings over 4 storeys high, staircase doors leading into common corridors, lift hall doors and lockable lobby doors shall be blind or reinforced glass doors. 6. 3. 14 Sliding partitions made of Group ?1(G1)-?4(G4) materials shall be protected from both sides by Group (NG) materials to provide fire-resistance limit EI 30. 6. 3. 15 Water consumption for internal fire fighting in buildings shall be sufficient for two jets 2. L/sec each, but not less than water consumption rates indicated in the current codes and standards. 6. 4 Requirements to design of atria 6. 4. 1 Part of a building that includes atrium and associated premises shall be separated as a fire compartment and equipped with fire protection system. 6. 4. 2 Fire protection system includes: ?) smoke protection system; b) internal fire water main and automatic fire-fighting equipment; c) lifts for fire brigades (provision of lifts for fire brigades in buildings with 6 storeys or less equipped with complete fire protection system package is not compulsory); d) public address and evacuation management system; ) personal and collective protection equipment and rescue means; f) space and layout design and technical solutions ensuring timely evacuation of people and protection of people form hazardous fire impacts; g) controlled fire endurance ratings and fire risk of structures and finishing materials; h) structural elements that limit fire and smoke propagation (fire barriers, fire compartments, etc. ). 6. 4. 3 Elements of fire protection system (FPS) shall be controlled from the central control console that shall allow: to control fire protection systems; to control systems that are not part of the FPS and not associated with ensuring safety in the building in case of fire; coordination of actions of all services responsible for ensuring public safety and fire extinguishing. FPS central control console shall be located in the building close to the main entrance or in the room on the ground or basement floor that has exit directly outside. FPS central control console shall not be located in the engineering services control room. Enclosing structures of the room accommodating the FPS central control console shall have fire-resistance limit EI60 or better. Mini-schematics of the FPS shall be placed on the building front at the main entrance to the FPS control console room. Reliability of power supply to the FPS control console room shall be of Category 1.FPS central control console shall be provided with a telephone hotline connecting it with the nearest fire station. 6. 4. 4 Atrium and all building premises forming a single fire compartment shall be provided with automatic fire fighting and smoke alarm system. In atria more than 17 m high (floor to ceiling inside dimension), sprinklers shall be installed under structures protruding into atrium space (balconies, galleries, etc. ), installation of sprinklers in atrium ceiling is not required. If water curtains are used, instead of fire-rated wall, fire compartment separated by a water curtain from the fire compartment with atrium shall be equipped with FPS. 6. 4. For smoke removal from atrium during a fire, exhaust ventilation system shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Both natural and forced exhaust ventilation systems can be provided. 6. 4. 6 Rooms and corridors in the underground part of the building can be connected with the atrium only via lockable lobbies pressurised in the case of fire. 6. 4. 7 All premises leading to atrium shall have exits to at least two emergency escape stairs. Distance from doors of the most distant room to entry into a staircase shall be assumed in accordance with Table 6. 1 . 6. 4. 8 Enclosing structures of premises and corridors adjoining the atrium shall have fire-resistance limit EI 45 or better, exit doors of these premises leading into atrium, fire-resistance limit EI 30.Glazed partitions and doors with fire-resistance limit EI15 can be used if they are protected by water curtains. 6. 4. 9 Atrium roof structures shall be of fire risk class and have fire-resistance limit REI 30 or better. 6. 4. 10 Atrium internal surfaces shall have finishes made of non-combustible materials. 6. 4. 11 Wood structures which have been treated with flame retardants can be used as roof (including light-transmitting) materials for halls and atria of buildings with height of 28 m or less. Quality of fire-proofing treatment shall ensure that loss of wood mass during tests described in GOST 4686 will not exceed 13 %. Combustible roofing materials shall not be used closer than 4m away from the edge of light-transmitting roof parts. 6. 4. 2 Skylights, when used in smoke rem oval systems, shall have automatic, remote and manual actuators to open them in case of fire, and shall also have protective mesh underneath if silicate glass is used. Skylights can be made of organic light-transmitting materials that do not form combustible melts when exposed to fire. 6. 4. 13 Windows of premises provided with air conditioning systems can be facing courtyards covered by a light-transmitting roof. Said windows shall have minimum fire-resistance limit E30 or shall be protected by automatic fire extinguishing system arranged over them inside premises. Provision of automatic fire extinguishing systems in double aspect premises (to atrium courtyard and to a street) with access for firemen from fire motor ladders and tower ladders is not mandatory. 7 Safety in use 7. Buildings shall be designed, built and equipped in such a way as to prevent injuries to personnel and visitors moving inside and near the building, entering and existing the building or using building mobile parts and building services. 7. 2 Pitch and width of stairs and ramps, step height, tread width, landing widths, height of passages via stairs, basement, mechanical floor and operated loft, floor level changes and dimensions of door openings shall ensure safe movement of people and convenient transportation of equipment for building premises. Guardrails shall be provided where necessary. Use of stairs with different height and depth of steps is not allowed. 7. Guardrails of stairways, balconies, terraces, roofs and in other locations with hazardous level changes shall be sufficient for prevention of falls and have a height of 0. 9 m minimum. Metal guardrail design shall be in accordance with GOST 25772. Guardrails shall be continuous, provided with handrails and designed for loads of 0. 3 kN/m minimum. 7. 4 Special measures shall be taken to prevent risks of criminal practices and their consequences and to minimise possible damage in case of illegal actions. These measures shall be stated in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with state departmental documents and regulatory legal acts of local authorities.They can include: use of explosion-proof structures, installation of video surveillance cameras and security alarm systems, special layout solutions for crowd control, various barriers, access control stations, strengthening of entry door structures, window protection, protective devices for windows, appropriate equipment of lofts, basements and other premises. 7. 5 Sites of high-security institution buildings shall have fencing with height from the ground level of at least 2. 5 m and foundations buried to a depth of 0. 5 m minimum. At least 3m wide land strip, free from structures, trees and bushes, shall be provided from the inside and outside of the fencing. 7. 6 Vehicle entries to the security protected site shall be provided with automatic rolling gates controlled from duty security guard station and provided with appropriate engineering prot ection.Premises of security guard station shall allow visual control of the main entrance into the building and, if possible, vehicle access to the site and entrance into the basement floor. 7. 7 Windows of premises on basement, semi-basement and ground floors, as well as windows of other premises that can be accessed from lean-to buildings shall be provided with window grilles of design that both prevents access and conforms to fire prevention requirements. Windows of other premises shall be provided with grilles if required by the Technical Design Assignment. They shall be openable in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 7. To prevent break-ins and theft of valuables and information stored in special premises and for other purposes stated in the Technical Design Assignment, such premises shall be provided with strengthened enclosing structures and special doors and openings. If required by the Technical Design Assignment, access control systems shall be installed in IT, communications and other premises. 7. 9 To ensure confidentiality of negotiations, walls and doors of rooms and premises indicated in the Technical Design Assignment shall be soundproofed, double doors shall be provided. 7. 10 Structural design of building elements (including arrangement of hollow spaces, methods of sealing pipeline penetrations through structures, provision of ventilation openings and placement of heat insulation) shall ensure protection from rodent invasion. 7. 1 Buildings services shall be designed and installed taking into account safety requirements contained in relative regulations of state supervision authorities and instructions of equipment manufacturers. In addition to the above: – surface temperature of exposed parts of heating appliances and heating supply pipelines shall not exceed 70 °? if no measures to prevent accidental burns have been taken or 90 °? in other cases; surface temperature of other pipelines shall not exceed 40 °?; – hot air temperature at the distance of 10cm from outlets of air heating appliances shall not exceed 70 °?; – temperature of hot water in hot water supply system shall not exceed 60 °?. 7. 2 In buildings being constructed in seismic activity regions, apparatus and devices that, if moved, can cause fires or explosions shall be securely fixed. 7. 13 Buildings with 9 or more storeys shall be provided with facilities for fixing electrically driven travelling cradles for safe repairs and facade cleaning. 7. 14 Buildings with 9 or more storeys and flat roofs shall be provided with internal water drains with discharge into external rainwater drainage system or, if the latter is not available, onto ground surface. In this case measures shall be taken to prevent freezing of risers in winter. 7. 15 Premises of built-in saunas shall not be placed on basement floors or adjacent to premises where more than 100 persons can be present.Built-in saunas shall be designed taking into account the following requirements: 1. Volume of steam rooms shall be between 8 m3 and 24 m3, capacity shall not exceed 10 persons. 2. In buildings with fire-resistance ratings I, II, III, sauna premises shall be separated by Type 1 partitions and Type 2 floor structures, in buildings with fire-resistance rating IV, by fire-rated partitions and floor structures fire-resistance limit REI 60 or better. 3. Sauna block shall be provided with isolated escape exit leading outside; exits shall not lead directly into entrance halls, other halls or staircases designed for evacuation of people from the building. 4.Power rating of electric sauna heater shall be suitable for the steam room volume (as per instructions of heater manufacturer) and therefore shall not exceed 15kW. Electric heater shall switch off automatically after 8 hours of continuous operation. 5. Height of steam room shall not be greater than 1. 9m. 6. Distance between electric heater and wall boarding of steam roo m shall be at least 20cm. 7. Non-combustible heat insulation panel shall be provided directly above the electric heater. Distance between the heat insulation panel and ceiling boarding shall be at least 5cm. 8. Temperature inside the steam room shall be automatically maintained at a level not greater than 110 °?. 9.The steam room shall be provided with natural supply and exhaust ventilation. 10. Steam room boarding shall not be made of resinous wood. 11. Around steam room perimeter, drencher devices shall be installed with controls located next to the steam room entrance. 12. Power supply cables shall have heat resistance protective cover designed for the maximum permissible temperature in the steam room. 13. Electric heater control panel shall be installed in a dry room in front of the steam room. 14. A gap between steam room door and floor shall be at least 30 mm. 15. Sauna changing rooms shall be provided with smoke alarms. 8 Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological require ments 8. Building design and construction shall include measures established by this document and ensuring compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements to public health and environmental protection. 8. 2 Levels of natural and artificial illumination in building premises shall be in accordance with the requirements of MSN 2. 04-05. Provision of natural lighting is not mandatory for: premises of basement floors (see Appendix D), conference rooms and lobbies, sports and recreational premises, massage cabinets, dry and steam sauna rooms, car park premises and buffets. Clerestory lighting only can be provided in premises that are allowed to be designed without natural lighting and changing rooms of health centres.In permanently manned premises or premises that shall be protected from sun rays or overheating for process of hygiene reasons, light-transmitting openings with orientation within the range of 130-315 ° shall be provided with sun protection if buildings are to be constructed in areas with average monthly temperature in July of 21 °? and greater. 8. 3 Design of HVAC systems shall be in accordance with the current codes and standards. 8. 4 Microclimate parameters inside premises shall be assumed in accordance with GOST 30494. For winter, optimum parameters shall be assumed as design parameters, for summer, permissible parameters can be assumed as design parameters. 8. 5 For some production and technical premises (workshops, laboratories, stores, printing rooms, etc. ) permissible parameters shall be assumed as design microclimate parameters taking into account the requirements of current codes and standards. 8. 6 Volumes of outside air supply shall be in accordance with Table 8. . Table 8. 1 Premises  Ã‚  | Volume of supplied outside air (at least)| | during working hours(in operating mode)| outside working hours(in standby mode)| Work offices of employees| 20 m3/hr-person (4 m3/hr-m2)| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Offices| 3 m3/hr-m2| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Conference rooms Meeting rooms| 20 m3/hr per person| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Smoking rooms| 10 air changes per hour| 0. 5 air changes per hour| Toilets| 25 and 1hr per one cabin (10 air changes per hour)| 0. 5 hr| Shower rooms| 20 m3/hr per shower head| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Washing rooms| 20 m3/hr| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Store rooms, archives| 0. air changes per hour| 0. 5 air changes per hour| Building maintenance premises: without emissions of noxious substances; containing noxious substances|   Ã‚  3 air changes/hrin accordance with noxious substance assimilation calculations|   Ã‚  0. 2 air changes per hour0. 5 air changes per hour| Notes: 1. Permissible values are given in brackets. 2. In work premises and offices without natural ventilation, air supply rate shall be 60 m3/hr per person. | 8. 7 Individual exhaust ventilation systems shall be provided for: – lavatories and smoking rooms; – work premises, offices, etc. ; â€⠀œ premises of public catering enterprises; – protection, technical and storage premises. 8. Air removal from work premises with area less than 35 m2 can be by air flow into a corridor. 8. 9 If requested by the client, Class 3 air conditioning systems can be provided in archives with valuable documents and depositories. 8. 10 Air recirculation inside permanently manned premises is allowed outside working hours only. 8. 11 Premises of 1-3 storey high buildings with design number of employees less than 300 persons can be provided with natural exhaust ventilation systems. 8. 12 Premises that are not equipped with forced supply ventilation systems shall be provided with openable air vents or outside air supply valves placed at a height above the floor level of 2m minimum. 8. 3 Common ventilation systems can be provided for all premises, with the exception of conference rooms, premises of public catering enterprises, projection rooms and battery rooms which shall be provided with individual supply ventilation systems. 8. 14 In mockup construction workshops and other premises with possible dust and aerosol emissions, volume of air to be removed via an exhaust cabinet shall be determined depending on air flow speed in the cabinet design opening in accordance with Table 8. 2. Table 8. 2 Maximum permitted concentrations of noxious substances in the work zone, mg/m3| Air flow speed in cabinet design opening, m/s| Greater than 10| 0. 5| From 10 to 0. 1| 0. 7| Less than 0. 1| 1|Note: If work is associated with emissions of dust and aerosols containing Hazard Class 1, 2 and 3 substances, air flow speed in the cabinet design opening shall be assumed as equal to 1. 2-1. 5 m/s, that for explosive substances, as equal to 1 m/s. | 8. 15 Supply air shall be fed directly into the premises with emissions of noxious substances in a volume equal to 90% of air removed by exhaust systems, the remaining amount of air (10%) shall be fed into a corridor of hall. 8. 16 If a refuse chute is provided, it shall be equipped with devices for periodical washing, cleaning, disinfection and sprinkling. Refuse chute shall be airtight and soundproofed and shall not be located adjacent to permanently manned service premises. Refuse collection chamber shall not be located under or adjacent to permanently manned premises.In management institutions, scientific research institutes and research and development organisations with staff amounting to 800 persons or more, as well as in buildings of institutions with high level sanitary and hygiene requirements, a centralised or combined vacuum dust removal system shall be provided. Requirement for centralised or combined vacuum dust removal systems in other buildings shall be established in the Technical Design Assignment. In design of a combined vacuum dust removal system, service area for one receiving valve shall be assumed as equal to 50m maximum. If centralised or combined vacuum dust removal is not provided, a chamber for cleaning vacuum cleaner ilters shall be designed in accordance with the Technical Design Assignment. 8. 17 Lift shafts and machine rooms and other premises containing noisy equipment shall not be placed adjacent to permanently manned work premises and offices. 8. 18 If personal computers are used in work premises, the requirements of current codes and standards shall be taken into account. 8. 19 Materials and finished products used in construction and subject to hygiene assessment in accordance with approved lists of products and goods, shall have hygiene assessment conclusions issued by bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service. 9 Energy conservation 9. Buildings shall be designed and built in such a way as to ensure efficient use of non-renewable energy resources during operation while meeting the established requirements to microclimate in premises. 9. 2 Heat insulation properties of building structures shall be determined in accordance with curren t codes and standards on the basis of standard factored heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures (it is also allowed to use standard specific heat consumption for building heating and ventilation for the whole heating period). This document stipulates mandatory minimum requirements to heat insulation of buildings. More stringent requirements established by the client can be applied in the design of buildings to ensure more economical use of energy resources. . 3 Ambient air design parameters shall be assumed in accordance with MSN 2. 04-01 and other current codes and standards. Design temperature of indoor air for calculation of heat engineering characteristics and design of enclosing structures shall be assumed as equal to 18  °?. 9. 4 Area of light-transmitting surfaces of enclosing structures shall not exceed 20 % of the total wall area. Area of light-transmitting enclosing structures can be increased up to 30 % if factored heat transfer resistance of such structures ex ceeds 0. 56 m2 *  °?/W. 9. 5 Building services shall be provided with means for automatic and manual control of air temperature.In case of centralised supply of cold and hot water, electric power, gas and heat when a building houses several groups of premises belonging to different organisations or owners, each group of premises shall be provided with individual electricity and water meters. 9. 6 Each building shall be provided with heat engineering passport containing heat insulation characteristics of structures and power consumption data of the building and its' equipment. 9. 7 Heat insulation performance and energy efficiency of structures and elements of building services shall be preliminary confirmed by tests. 9. 8 Normally, heat shall be supplied to buildings from a central heat supply station with mandatory installation of a heat meter. 9. 9 Normally, heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply purposes shall be supplied from the heat supply station via separate pi pelines. 9. 0 Heat supply for buildings or individual groups of premises can be provided from centralised, stand-alone or individual heat sources in accordance with the current codes and standards. In case of multi-storey buildings, gas fired heat generators shall have enclosed burners and adjustable gas burner devices. 9. 11 Building heating systems shall be fitted with devices that allow to reduce heat flow outside working hours. 9. 12 Hot air and air curtains for the main building entrances shall be provided if design ambient air temperature of the coldest five day period is minus 15  °? (design parameters B) or lower and the number of personnel working in the building exceeds 200. 10 Durability and maintainability 10. Buildings that have been designed and built in accordance with current construction norms shall retain their strength and stability of load-bearing structures for the period stated in the Technical Design Assignment, subject to systematic maintenance and complian ce with operation procedures and repair schedule established by operation instructions indicated in Item 4. 17 of this document. 10. 2 In design of building refurbishment, factors that reduce durability shall be taken into account, these are: unexpected impacts associated with changes in operating and environmental conditions and, as a result, changes in physical and mechanical (or chemical) properties of materials of load-bearing and enclosing structures. 10. 3 Main non-repairable building elements that determine strength, stability and service life of the building shall retain their properties within allowable limits taking into account the requirements of GOST 27751 and construction norms for structures made of respective materials. 10. Elements, parts and equipment with service life shorter than service life of the building shall be replaceable in accordance with intervals between repairs indicated in operation instructions taking into account the requirements of the Technical D esign Assignment. Decision regarding use of more or less durable elements, materials or equipment due to respective extension or reduction of intervals between repairs shall be based on technical and economic calculations. 10. 5 Structures and elements shall be made of materials that are resistant to moisture, very high and low temperatures, corrosive environments and other adverse impacts and protected in accordance with the current codes and standards.If necessary, measures shall be taken to prevent ingress of rain, melt and ground water inside load-bearing and enclosing structures and moisture condensation in external enclosing structures by proper water-proofing of structures or provision of ventilation in closed and air spaces. The required protective formulations and coatings shall be applied in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 10. 6 Joints of pre-assembled elements and multi-layer structures shall be designed to withstand temperature deformatio ns and forces generated by uneven settlement of soil bases and under other impacts during operation. Sealing and weatherproofing materials used in joints shall retain their elastic and adhesive properties when exposed to sub-zero temperatures, wetting and ultraviolet rays.Weatherproofing materials shall be compatible with materials of protective and decorative facings of structures in joint locations. 10. 7 Equipment, valves and devices of building services, as well as their connections shall be provided with access for inspection, maintenance, repairs and replacement as necessary. Equipment and pipelines sensitive to low temperatures shall be provided with appropriated protection. 10. 8 In case of construction of buildings in areas with complex geology conditions, in seismically active areas, in areas with soil undermining, subsidence and other soil deformations, including frost heaving, entries of utility lines into buildings shall be made taking into account the necessary compens ation of possible soil base movements.Equipment and pipelines shall be fixed to building structures in such a way as to ensure that their operability is not impaired in case of possible movements of structures. Appendix ? (Mandatory) References MSN 1. 01-01-96| System of interstate codes and standards on construction. | MSN 2. 02-01-97| Fire safety of buildings and structures. | MSN 2. 02-05-2000| Car parks. | MSN 2. 04-01-98| Construction climatology. | MSN 2. 04-05-95| Natural and artificial lighting. | GOST 12. 1. 033-81| Occupational Safety Standards System. Fire safety. Terms and definitions| GOST 16363-98| Wood-protecting preparations. Method for determination of fire-proofing properties. GOST 25772-83| Steel guardrails of stairways, balconies, and roofs. | GOST 30494-96| Reliability of construction structures and bases. Basic provisions on calculations. | GOST 27751-88| Residential and public buildings. Indoor environmental conditions. | Note: In the case of abolition of code s and standards referenced herein, the documents effected to replace the abolished documents shall be used. | Appendix B (Mandatory) Terms and definitions Atrium is a large several stories high space located within a building, with galleries on each floor where door and light openings of different purpose premises adjoining the galleries are leading into. Lift hall is a hall in front of a lift entry.Loggia is a feature that, horizontally, has enclosing structures on three sides and is open to the air on one side, with depth restricted by natural illumination requirements of the adjoining internal premises of the building. Attic window is a window that protrudes from a sloping roof surface. Lobby is space between doors providing protection from ingress of cold air, smoke and smells at entrances to buildings, staircases or premises. Loft is a space between roof (external wall) structures and the ceiling structure of the top storey. Attic floor (attic) is a floor of loft space with fac ade fully or partially formed by slanted or gambrel roof surface(s), with with line of crossing of roof and facade plane not higher than 1. 5 m from the attic floor level.Above-ground floor is a storey with a floor level not lower than the ground reference level. Basement floor a storey with a floor level lower than the ground reference level by more than half the height of the premises. Mechanical floor is a storey that is dedicated to service equipment and utilities. Can be located in the lower part (basement mechanical floor), upper part (loft mechanical floor) or middle part of a building. Semi-basement floor is a storey with a floor level lower than the ground reference level by half the height of the room maximum. Appendix C (Mandatory) Rules for calculating the total area of buildings, area of premises, total structural volume, footprint area and number of building floors during design Total area of the building shall be determined as a sum of floor areas measured within the limits of internal finished surfaces of external walls at the floor level (not taking into account skirting boards) plus area of mezzanines, passages leading to other buildings, loggias, terraces, galleries and balconies. Area of spaces that are several stories high (atria), internal staircases, lift and other shafts shall be included in the total area within the limits of one floor only. Area of attic floor shall be measured within the boundaries of external wall internal surfaces and attic walls adjacent to loft spaces. Areas of underground spaces (including basement mechanical floor) having a height to bottom of structures less than 1. 8 m and underground spaces designed for building ventilation, unused lofts, loft mechanical floor with height from floor level to bottom of protruding structures less than 1. m, lockable lobbies of staircases, porticoes, porches, external open ramps and stairs and intermediate landings of internal stairs shall not be included in the total area. 2 A reas of building premises shall be determined on the basis of their dimensions measured between finished wall and partition surfaces at the floor level (skirting boards shall not be taken into account). Area of attic floor premises shall be calculated with application of reduction factor of 0. 7 within the sloping ceiling (wall) area up to 1. 5m when the slope is 30 °, up to 1. 1m when the slope is 45 ° and up to 0. 5m when the slope is 60 ° or greater. 3 The total structural volume of buildings shall be determined as a sum of structural volume above the level of  ± 0. 00 (above-ground part) and below this level (underground part).The total structural volume of building above-ground and underground part shall be determined within bounding surfaces, enclosing structures, skylights, domes, etc. starting from the clear floor level of each part of the building, whereas protruding architectural and structural elements, basement channels, porticoes, terraces, balconies, driveways and spaces under buildings installed on supports (clear spaces) and basements under buildings shall not be taken into account. 4 Building footprint area shall be determined as area of horizontal section along building external contour at plinth wall level, including protruding elements. Footprint area of buildings installed on posts and driveways under buildings shall be included. During determination of a number of building storeys, all above-ground storeys shall be counted, including mechanical and attic floors, as well as semi-basement floor with top of ceiling structure higher than the grade level by at least 2m. Basement under the building, regardless of its' height, shall not be included in the number of above-ground storeys. If the number of storeys in different part of the building is not equal or if the building is built on a site with a slope that results in increase of the number of storeys, the number of storeys shall be determined for each part of the building separatel y. If the number of storeys is being determined to calculate the required number of lifts or floor area within a fire compartment in accordance with Table 6. 4, mechanical floor located above the top floor shall not be taken into account. Appendix D (Mandatory)