Close reading and analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Close reading and analyze - Essay Example He tries to equate his love for him with the divine angle, Platonic love as per Greek philosophy, but lacks the support of the prerequisite of that ideal relationship as he not the boy’s mentor. Considering from the point of view of the boy also the love relationship does not pass the test. His attitude negates the practice of Platonic love. His meaningful smile is not the smile of Narcissus. Narcissus of the Greek mythology falls in love with his own image, intently stares his reflection, dies in the process and is reborn as a flower. Aschenbach’s wants to defend his position from the philosophical angle, but in the process reveals the struggle of his inner world. He tries his best to suppress his true feeling of love for Tadzio but his final submission indicates the victory of the Dionysian forces (debauchery, joy and abandon) in his mind. He is vocal about his love for Tadzio and pronounces the words â€Å"I love you† by himself, and not in the presence of Tadzio. Evil can overpower an individual at the most unsuspected moment and one’s spiritual pursuit needs to be ever vigilant. What is to be noted in this chapter is the ironic tone of narration. W ith the mention of the mythical characters, an atmosphere is created pointing towards universality of characters. Finally, Thomas Mann hints at the ill-fated love of

Osmosis and Diffusion Essay Example for Free

Osmosis and Diffusion Essay The basic principles of Osmosis and Diffusion were tested and examined in this lab. We examined the percent increase of mass and molarity of different concentrations of sucrose in the dialysis bag emerged in distilled water and the potato cores emerged in concentrations of sucrose. The data reinforces the principles of Osmosis and Diffusion, and in a biological context, we can simulate how water and particles move in and out of our own cells. Introduction Objective: 1. Investigate the process of osmosis and diffusion in a model of a membrane system. 2. Investigate the effect of solute concentration on water potential as it relates to living plant tissue. Background Information: Molecules are in constant motion; they tend to move from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. This broad principle is divided into two categories: diffusion and osmosis. Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is considered a passive form of transportation because it does not require any additional energy to transport the molecules. In the body, carbon dioxide and oxygen can diffuse across cell membranes. Osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. In our body, water diffuses across cell membranes through osmosis. Water potential is the measure of free energy of water in a solution and is shown with the use of the symbol ÃŽ ¨. Water potential is affected by two factors: osmotic potential (ÃŽ ¨Ãâ‚¬) and pressure potential (ÃŽ ¨p). Osmotic potential is dependent on the solute concentration, and pressure potential which is the energy that forms from exertion of pressure either positive or negative on a solution. The equation to find the sum of water potential is: Water Potential = Pressure Potential + Osmotic Potential ÃŽ ¨w = ÃŽ ¨p + ÃŽ ¨Ãâ‚¬ The purpose of this lab is to observe the physical effects of osmosis and diffusion and to determine if it actually takes place. We hypothesize that, because molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient, the mass of the dialysis tubes will increase, and we believe that as the molarity increases, the percent of change in mass will also increase. Hypothesis: Diffusion and osmosis will occur until dynamic equilibrium is reached. As the sucrose concentration of the solution increases so will the mass. Materials Exercise 1: 1. 6 strips of dialysis tubing 2. Distilled water 15-20ml 3. 0.4 M sucrose 15-20ml 4. 0.8 M sucrose 15-20ml 5. 0.2 M sucrose 15-20ml 6. 0.6 M sucrose 15-20ml 7. 1.0 M sucrose 15-20ml 8. 6 Beakers Exercise 2: 1. 100ml of distilled water 2. 100ml of 0.4 M sucrose 3. 100ml of 0.8 M sucrose 4. 100ml of 0.2 M sucrose 5. 100ml of 0.6 M sucrose 6. 100ml of 1.0 M sucrose 7. 6 Beakers 8. Potato slices (4 for each solution) 9. Scale 10. Plastic wrap 11. Thermometer Methods Exercise 1: 1. Obtain 6 strips of dialysis tubing and tie a knot in one end of each. 2. Pour approximately 15-20ml of each of the following solutions into separate bags. 3. Remove most of the air from the bag and tie the baggie. 4. Rinse the baggie carefully in distilled water to remove any sucrose that may have spilled and carefully blot. 5. Record the mass of each baggie and record. 6. Fill six 250ml beakers 2/3 full with distilled water and place a bag in each of them. Make sure that you record which baggie is which. 7. Let the bag sit for 20-30 minutes. 8. After 20-30 minutes, remove baggies from the water, and carefully blot dry. 9. Measure the mass of each baggie and record. Exercise 2: 1. Pour 100ml of your assigned solution into a beaker. Slice a potato into 4 equal lengths about the shape of French fries or tubes. 2. Determine the mass of the 4 potato cylinders together and record. 3. Place the cylinders into the beaker with your assigned solutions and cover with plastic wrap. Leave overnight. 4. Remove the cylinders from the beakers and carefully dry them. Record the room temperature in Celsius. 5. Determine the mass of the 4 potato cylinders together and record. From these results, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is justified and correct. The data shows that the mass increased as the concentration of the sucrose solution increased. Osmosis is clearly being replicated in the physical form. Analysis Change in mass depends on the concentration of sucrose within the dialysis bags. If the concentration of sucrose is greater inside the bag than outside, then water will move into the bag. If the concentration of sucrose is lower inside the bag than outside, then water will move out of the bag. These two things are directly proportional. As the mass increases, so does the molarity. These are inversely proportional because whenever the sucrose molarity inside the bag is more concentrated, it will become more dilute and vise versa. The solutions will reach equilibrium somewhere between the two concentrations. The hypothesis is accepted based on the data that was obtained because as the sucrose concentration increased so did the final mass of the solutions. One possible source of error could be the tightness of the string that tied off the dialysis tubing. If there was a leak or a break in the dialysis tubing, all of the data would be off. Another possible source of error could be that the students did not pat dry the potato sample well enough causing drops to be left on the electronic balance, tarring it incorrectly, causing all other data to be off slightly. Simple mathematical errors always occur, so there is always room for simple algebraic mistakes in this section of the lab. Conclusion The purpose of this lab was to describe the physical mechanism of osmosis and diffusion and describe how molar concentration affects diffusion. We have  now observed how solutions diffuse in different situations, always from a high concentration to a low concentration, and how molar concentration affect diffusion, as the molarity goes up, more solution is diffused. We hypothesized that because molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient, the mass of the dialysis tubes will increase, and also that as the molarity increases, the percent of change in mass will also increase. Our data did support our conclusion. Exercise 1 proved that water moves across the selectively permeable membrane of the dialysis tubing much easier than sucrose sugar does. The water moved to reach equilibrium between the solutions. Sucrose must be too large a molecule to pass through the membrane quickly. Exercise 2 showed that the potato samples took in water when immersed in a distilled water solution. Potatoes must contain sucrose molecules due to the conclusion of this lab because the potatoes take in water in the distilled water beaker. Potatoes had a lower water potential and higher solute potential than the distilled water. It is just the opposite inside the beaker. Works Cited â€Å"PHSchool – The Biology Place.† Prentice Hall Bridge Page. Pearson Education, June 2007. Web. 12 Sept.2011. Moulton, Glen E. â€Å"Cell Theory, Form, and Function: Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure and Function — Infoplease.com.† Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free Online Reference, Research Homework Help. — Infoplease.com. Web. 14 Sept. 2011. http://www.infoplease.com/cig/biology/fluid-mosaic Bowen, R. (2000, July 2). Osmosis. Retrieved February 14, 2009, from http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/osmosis.html Sheppard, T. (2004). Diffusion and Osmosis. Retrieved February 14, 2009, from http://www.blobs.org/science/article.php?article=20 Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B. (2005). Biology (7th ed.). New York: Pearson Education Inc.

Development Of A Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

Development Of A Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay The term HYBRID VEHICLE refers to a vehicle which uses two or more distinct power sources of energy to move the vehicle. The term commonly refers to HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVs), which is a combination of an internal combustion engine and one or more Electric motors. The intention of the presence of electric powertrain is intended for either improving the fuel economy or better performance. 1.1 History of Hybrid Electric Cars The seeds for the invention of Hybrid Electric Vehicles were laid a century ago i.e., in 1900. The first hybrid electric vehicle, Mixte was developed in 1900 at Lohner Coach Factory by Ferdinand Porsche. This is a 4WD series-hybrid version, includes a pair of generators driven by 2.5 hp Daimler IC engines to extend its operating range ad could travel nearly 40miles on battery itself and was presented in Paris Auto Show in 1901. Mixte used gasoline engine powering a generator, this in turn powers up electric hub motor, and reached a speed of 50 kmph and a power of 5.22 kW in 20 minutes. Knight neftal produced a hybrid racing car in 1902. In 1905, H. Piper filed a patent for hybrid vehicle in US. In 1915 Dual Power, Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker had a four cylinder IC engine and an electric motor. This car ran up to a speed of 24kmph on the electric motor alone, drawing the power from battery and after this speed, the IC engine took the car up to its 56kmph which was its top speed. Later in 1915, a Canadian company produced the first car for sale. Woods Motor Vehicle company in Chicago released the first gasoline-electric hybrid car in 1917.the hybrid was a failure commercially, proving to be too slow for its price, and its difficulty to service. The working prototype that is being used in most recent HEV was designed by Victor Wouk. His work on the HEVs in 1960s and 1970s earned him the title as The Godfather of the Hybrid. Wouk installed a hybrid drive train having 16 KW electric motor into the, Buick Skylark provided by GM. The Regenerative braking system, an important production concept for most of the HEVs was designed by David Arthurs in 1978 and used for the first time on Opel GT. The vehicle exhibited a fuel efficiency of 3.1L/100km.Audi launched its first edition of Audi Duo, an experimental vehicle in 1989. It is a plug-in parallel hybrid with 9.4 KW, Siemens electric motor and a Ni-Cd battery to supply energy to the motor which drive the rear wheels. Esparante GTR-Q9 was the first petrol engine to take part in the race at Le Mans. Later, the car finished second in class at Petit Le Mans same year, i.e., in 1998. Hybrid technology became familiar within the automobile industry in the late 1990s. All the automobile companies came to know about the social awareness of the customer, and then the mass production of the hybrid electric vehicles was started. The first of that kind is Toyota Prius in Japan, Honda Insight launched in 1999 in United States and Japan. Now, all the leading automobile manufacturers like Jaguar, Ford, Lexus, and Peugeot were on to the production of the hybrid electric vehicles. This may lead to a revolution in the automobile industry in near future. Briefing the Technologies Being Used in HEVs These days, many research laboratories and firms are working on the development of hybrid electric vehicles. These bodies are recruiting the individuals from all technical backgrounds such as mechanical, automotive, electrical, electronics. So that, they can concentrate on each and every aspect of the vehicle, that can lead to the development of the vehicle irrespective of its technical aspects. For e.g., NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) is one of the kind of researching bodies, actively researching on the various aspects of fuel cells and vehicles that run using the power generated from the fuel cells. Fuel cell vehicles are much likely as of hybrid vehicles with diesel or petrol engines. Modern HEVs are using many technologies which can improve the efficiency of the vehicle like Regenerative braking. This converts kinetic energy of the vehicle into electrical energy, instead of wasting it in the form of heat energy as like in conventional braking systems. Some HEVs use IC engines to generate electricity like an electrical generator, either to recharge the batteries or to empower the electric drive motors directly. Many HEVs are reducing the emissions at idle by stopping the IC engine and restarting when it is needed, this is known as start-stop system. External torque will be applied to the differentials when the electric powertrain is acting, which leads to the better performance of the HE vehicle. Components of a Hybrid Electric vehicle The structure of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle is much likely as that of an ordinary gasoline powered vehicle. The distinguishing factor is that a hybrid car will have one or more electric motors alongside which can improve gas mileage. Note: In the case of Toyota Prius, car runs solely by electricity when driven under a speed of 30 Mph. Figure : Structure of a basic Hybrid Electric Vehicle 1.3.1 Gasoline Engine The gasoline engine in a hybrid electric car is like as that of an ordinary internal combustion engine. However, the engine is smaller comparatively and uses advanced technologies which can result in reducing emission and more efficiency. 1.3.2 Fuel Tank The fuel tank of the hybrid electric vehicle acts as the fuel storage device for IC engine. Batteries can also be called as a fuel tank in the case of hybrid electric vehicles, as it stores the electricity produced and supplies when needed to the electric motor. 1.3.3 Electric Motor The electric motor in a hybrid electric vehicle is very small and essential component to make it a hybrid. Day to day advance in electronics allows electric motor to act as a motor as well as a generator. For e.g. it draws energy from the battery to accelerate the vehicle, when needed. But, while acting as a generator, it slows down the car and returns the energy back into the batteries. 1.3.4 Batteries The batteries in the hybrid electric vehicle are the devices meant to store the energy which is needed for the electric motor. Unlike, the gasoline in the fuel tank, only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor of a hybrid electric vehicle can charge the batteries as well as draw energy from them. 1.3.5 Transmission The transmission in a hybrid electric vehicle performs the same basic function as a transmission that of a conventional car. Generator The generator is much similar to electric motor, but it can only produce electric power. Generator is mostly used in the series hybrid electric cars. 1.4Available power sources for Hybrid vehicle The available sources of energy includes the following Rechargeable Energy Resource System, RESS Petrol or Diesel Hydrogen Compressed Air Liquid Nitrogen Electricity Solar Energy Rechargeable energy resource system (RESS) A Rechargeable energy resource system or RESS is a system which stores energy to deliver power and is rechargeable. This can be done by using a battery. There are six types of batteries that are presently being used as a source, for the production of energy in Hybrid electric vehicles. Those are lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, lithium ion, zinc-air and flywheels. Petrol or Diesel Petrol is being vastly used as fuel in automotives, due to its high calorific value and more efficiency of the petrol cycle (Otto cycle) and low emission rate compared to most of the other alternative fuels and its abundance. The thermodynamic cycle involved in the petrol engines is called, Otto cycle or four stroke cycle. Diesel is one of the best alternative fuels to petrol that can be used in automotives. The efficiency of the diesel engine is also good and the emission rate is a bit higher when compared to the petrol engine. The thermodynamic cycle that is used in the diesel engine is called Rankines cycle Hydrogen Hydrogen can be used as an alternative fuel, as an onboard fuel for motive power to the vehicle. This can be used as a fuel in any automotive which uses hydrogen in a similar fashion, as of in aircraft. The power plant of the vehicle converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into mechanical energy, this will be done either by burning the hydrogen in internal combustion engine, or by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors. 1.4.4 Compressed air Compressed air can be used as a fuel in engines which are pneumatic actuators, which can create a useful work by expanding compressed air. This is being used from the past two centuries, ranging from hand held turbines to several hundred horsepower. Some of them rely on turbines, others on pistons and cylinders. The engine that works using compressed air as a fuel is also called as Air-Hybrid Engine. Liquid Nitrogen Liquid nitrogen can be used an alternative fuel to liquid hydrogen. The engine extracts heat from the ambient air which will be used for heating the liquid nitrogen in the heat exchanger and using the resulting pressurised gas to operate the rotary engine. This can also be incorporated in hybrid vehicle systems, fuel tanks to recharge the batteries and the resulting in battery electric propulsion. This system is called Hybrid liquid nitrogen-electric propulsion. Moreover, regenerative braking system can also used in conjunction with this system. Electricity Electricity is being used as a fuel in automobiles since long time back. These cars run by drawing electricity from the battery to run the motor which in turn, runs the piston in the cylinder generating the mechanical energy which can move the car. The cars which run by using only the electric source are called plug-in electric cars. As these cars dont have any alternate source of energy other than battery, these needs to be charged time to time and hence called as plug-in electric vehicle. By adopting the electricity as an alternative source to the hybrid vehicle, the vehicle is called Hybrid Electric vehicle. Solar Energy Solar Energy is a form of fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel in plug-in electric cars. The vehicle will be powered by solar electricity obtained from the solar panels on the surface. Photovoltaic cells convert the suns energy into directly into the electrical energy. Even though it doesnt make any change in the form of fuel that is being used, but the mileage of the direct plug-in electric vehicle can be significantly increased by using these PV cells. But, the only backdrop in adapting this technology into the plug-in electric vehicle is that, these PV cells can work only in the places with abundant solar energy and will not be used during the dark. 1.5 Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified basing on some factors. Such as, The path in which power is supplied to the power train. Degree of hybridization. Path of Power supplied to the Powertrain The classification of HEVs can be done basing on the way of power supplied to the powertrain. According to this, the vehicles can be classified as, Parallel hybrids Series hybrids Series-Parallel hybrids Plug-in HEVs Parallel Hybrids In a Parallel HEV, the Internal Combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to the mechanical transmission and can simultaneously transmit the power to wheels through the conventional transmission. Usually, parallel hybrids use small and single electric motors and depend on a small battery pack because the motor does not have the capacity to be the only source of energy to run the vehicle. Parallel hybrids are also capable of, using Regenerative braking to some limited levels and IC engine will also act as a generator for supplementary recharging. Parallel hybrids are much efficient compared to non-hybrid vehicles, particularly in the urban driving conditions and sometimes during highway operations, when the electric motors contribution is permitted. Honda Insight, Civic, Accord, and Chevrolet Malibu are some of the examples for the parallel hybrids in production. Series Hybrids In a Series HEV, only electric motor drives the powertrain and Internal Combustion engine acts as a generator to charge the batteries which empower the electric motor. In series hybrid vehicles, battery pack will be charged from the regenerative braking or the Internal Combustion engine. Series hybrids generally have small internal combustion engine but large battery pack compared to the parallel hybrid vehicles. This is the factor which makes series hybrids more efficient when driving in city conditions and more expensive than parallel hybrid vehicles. Chevrolet Volt is an example for a series hybrid in production. Series-Parallel Hybrids These vehicles are flexible to operate in parallel or series mode. As a result, these vehicles will be more efficient, because these will be operated as a series hybrid in low speeds and parallel in high speeds. But, these vehicles are costlier compared with a pure parallel. Hybrid powertrains are currently being used by General Motors, Ford, Nissan, Lexus, and Toyota. Vehicles referring to Series-Parallel can operate in both the parallel and series mode at the same time. Toyota Highlander is an example for Series-Parallel hybrids. Plug-in Hybrids Plug-in hybrid is a type of hybrid vehicle which works rechargeable batteries, which could be stored to full charge by plugging into an external source of power. This type of vehicles shares the features of a conventional HEV, having an Internal Combustion engine and an Electric motor; and with all-electric vehicle, provided with a plug that should be connected to the external source. These vehicles have well-built all-electric range compared to conventional gasoline electric hybrids, and combustion engine provides with backup needed when batteries are depleted. Chinese automobile manufacturer BYD Auto released F3DM hatchback into Chinese market in December 2008 and General Motors expects to launch Chevrolet Volt series plug-in by November 2010. Classification by Degree of Hybridization The hybrid electric vehicles can be classified further basing on the factor, the extent to which the vehicle is hybridized. According to this, the HEVs can be classified into, Full Hybrid Mild Hybrid Power assist Hybrids Full Hybrids This is a type of Hybrid vehicle which can run just only on the batteries, or just on the engine alone, or the combination of both. Fords Hybrid System, Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive, General Motorss Two-Mode Hybrid technology are some of full hybrid systems. A high-capacity battery pack will be needed for the battery only operation. These vehicles will have split path for power, which allows with more flexibility in the drivetrain by inter-converting mechanical and electrical power, although it is complex. Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Prius, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are some examples for full hybrid vehicles. Mild Hybrids This is a vehicle, which cannot be driven by depending only on the power produced by the electric motor itself. Since, the electric motor does not have enough power to propel the vehicle on its own. These vehicles are only included with some features of hybrid technology, and achieve limited savings on fuel consumption. A Mild hybrid is a vehicle more of a conventional type with oversized starter motor which allows the engine to turn off whenever the vehicle is decelerating or stopped. Yet, restart cleanly and quickly. Even when the gasoline engine was turned off, accessories will continue to run on the electric power, and like the other hybrid designs, motor will be used for regenerative braking to bring back all the energy. Mild hybrids have comparatively small batteries and a weak, small generator/ motor than those of a fully hybrid vehicle which helps in reducing weight and cost of production. The BMW Concept 7 Series Active Hybrid is an example of a Mild Hybrid with an electric motor designed to increase performance and power. Power Assist Hybrids These vehicles use the IC engine for primary power source, and torque-boosting electric motor is also connected to a large conventional power train. The electric motor is mounted between the transmission system and engine should be a very large starter motor essentially. This motor not only operates when the engine needs to be turned on, but also when extra power is needed. The electric motor may also be used to restart the IC engine, Deriving benefits from shutting down the main engine at idle, while the battery system will be used to run the other power accessories. Advantages and Disadvantages of HEVs over Conventional Petrol or Diesel Vehicles Fuel Consumption The consumption of petroleum is comparatively less and efficiency is much better in HEVs than the conventional petrol or diesel engines. Since, using three mechanisms: Reducing the wastage of energy during low/idle output, usually by turning off the IC engine. Utilizing the waste energy (i.e. by regenerative braking) Reduction in power and size of the IC engine, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, the extra power output from the electric motor compensate the loss in peak power output from the IC engine. Any combinations of these three primary advantages of a hybrid technology may be used for different fuel usage, emissions, power. The power curve of an electric motor is suits to more variable speed levels, and will provide significantly high torque at low speeds compared to IC engines. Thus, greater fuel efficiency of HEVs has inference for reduction in fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants. Noise The noise emitted from HEVs is comparatively very low than that of a conservative gasoline or diesel engine vehicle, results in positive noise health effects. Though, the sounds from the tires (road noise), the loudest noise at highway speeds from the vehicle interiors cannot be prevented by the hybrid design alone. Pollution The fuel used in HEVs is less of petroleum products which will emit carbon oxides into the atmosphere and hence pollution created will be less comparatively to the conventional gasoline or diesel engines. These vehicles will have a very positive impact onto the environment. But, the problem is with decomposing the dead batteries which are made of metals like Ni those can oxidise and produce metal oxides which can cause pollution in the environment. Weight of the vehicle The mass of a HEV is comparatively lesser than that of a conventional gasoline or diesel engine vehicles as the components used in the hybrid cars are less in weight than those of IC engine vehicles. This factor helps in reducing the consumption of extra initial torque required to move the vehicle from rest. Disadvantages of HEVs over Conventional Petrol or Diesel Vehicles As with all new technology, hybrids are relatively expensive. Shortage in awareness of knowledge about hybrids with the technicians to deal effectively with these vehicles. High maintenance Low towing capacity Batteries are expensive, heavy and have a short life span and are an environmental hazard. Decomposition of batteries is a big challenge for the manufacturers, as the batteries are useless after they were dead and can be hazardous to the environment.

Teaching and Learning Essay -- Education, Observation

The value of observation is to give you an insight into a child’s world. By doing this you are able to observe the children and see how they interact with other children and communicate. Also by observation we are able to understand children’s point of view better and are able to enhance their learning. Observation, assessment and evaluation in planning for children’s learning within early childhood setting come hand in hand. While observing we are able to see the child’s development and are also able to identify the interest in different learning areas. During the observation, the time and date should be recorded along with a little bit of information about the setting and where the observation took place. If we have an accurate and detailed picture of the child’s profile at the beginning of the programme, the teacher’s will be able to enhance positive learning. Using a natural environment for observation is the best method, as opposed to contrived environment , because in a natural environment a child is doing what they normally do [NZTC ] , (2011). The teachers are able to plan better for the child and assess the progress in children’s different learning domains. When any observations are carried out about a child, all the information must be kept confidential. As suggested by Bruce & Meggitt (2002) certain guidelines should be used to keep the observations confidential for example not using the child’s name , just using their initial and remembering to get permission from the authorised person such as parents /teachers before beginning any observations p.28. It is very important to be ethical when carrying out any methods of observations and keeping it confidential, letting access to only authorised people. By doing obs... ...he teacher to help the child in their holistic development. Being a teacher it is important to engage child in all kinds of interactions and also think from a child’s point of view. As mentioned by Jablon & Wilkinson (2006) â€Å"engagement stratergies give children greater responsibility for their learning and that use of engagement stratergies benefit children tremendously† p. 5. In conclusion I would say that a teacher has one of the most important roles in a child’s everyday learning and that the way she observes , plans , assesses and evaluates each individual child , makes a difference in a child’s learning and helps the children to support /or enhance their interest or any other particular domains . To support the whole planning cycle in a child’s learning can only happen if the teacher is able to apply the teaching strategies adequately in the learning.

Merck Ethics Essay

In developing a drug to combat river blindness, pharmaceutical company Merck discovered an opportunity to treat millions of affected peoples around the world that probably would never see commercial use. The drug in development, ivermectin, was unaffordable to the primary victims of river blindness, Third World peoples. Thus, Dr. Vagelos, the head of research at the time, treaded upon a ethical quagmire; he could either choose to scrap the drug and its further research or he could spend millions more on a drug destined for financial failure. In accordance with Merck’s company direction at the time, Dr. Vagelos understood that the purpose of the company was to serve people and that profits result from the fulfillment of this primary purpose. As such, Dr. Vagelos not only pushed for further research on the drug, but decided when he became CEO to offer the drug, now Mectizan, for free to all affected individuals. Dr. Vagelos decision fulfills all four of Fleming’s principles of ethics. In general, his decision reflects Fleming’s definition of ethics, which is a â€Å"standpoint from which all persons have a special dignity or worth.† The choice to make the drug available for free is utilitarian, as the number of affected individuals worldwide greatly outweigh the number of negatively impacted stockholders. In doing so, Dr. Vagelos choice also illustrates his belief that people are entitled to the right of humane treatment by others. Similarly, his choice reveals every person’s obligation to protect and ensure these rights. Dr. Vagelos decision is also just and fair, in that all members of a group (in this case, the human race) are to be treated with equal benefits.

Apple a Day

An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away Eating Healthy and exercise are essential to the health and well-being of all people. A healthy diet along with exercise can help you live longer, feel better about better food choices; provide you with more energy, help you stay at a healthy weight, and help you fight stress. Do you want to live longer and be healthier? Then make that first step and maximize the benefits from being active and eating healthier. It is important to make sure and eat fruits and vegetables daily, at least 5 servings.The best way to be healthier is to incorporate into your daily routine eating fresh fruits and vegetables such as: apples, bananas, strawberries, pineapple, blueberries, grapes, carrots, potatoes, peas, and broccoli. This list can go on and on and you will find there are plenty of fruit and vegetables that you will enjoy. â€Å"Vegetables and fruits are clearly an important part of a good diet. Almost everyone can benefit from eating more of them, but var iety is as important as quantity. No single fruit or vegetable provides all of the nutrients you need to be healthy.The key lies in the variety of different vegetables and fruits that you eat† (Willet, 2007, Harvard School of Public Health). Doctors and nutritionists highly promote fruits and vegetables because they offer many benefits to being healthy. They are excellent sources of essential nutrients, such as vitamins and anti-oxidants. People who eat diets rich in fruits and vegetables have a decreased risk of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. As the saying goes, â€Å"an apple a day keeps the doctor away. A healthy eating plan will protect against many health problems and improve the way our body functions. Annabel Bentley, BUPA assistant medical director, has this advice: â€Å"As one of the leading independent health and care providers in the country, BUPA is pleased to support this campaign. A balanced diet i s one of the best ways to maintain good health and help prevent the onset of some serious diseases. Eating well need not be expensive or complicated and this new campaign is geared to leading people towards the right things to eat. † Eating healthy can help in living a longer and healthier life.It can also strengthen your immune system, which can help in fewer sicknesses. The benefits from eating healthy go on and on and will improve your lifestyle dramatically. Proper eating can even help some have healthy lush looking hair, skin and nails and everyone wants to have beautiful skin, hair and nails. Eating healthy can help in feeling better within oneself. A healthy diet along with exercise will provide the body with more energy and make you feel better about yourself and can help fight stress and depression. Eating unhealthy can cause many health problems.Besides obesity and diabetes, there is high blood pressure, heart problems, breathing difficulty, anemia, and joint problem s all due to extra weight. Healthy eating can help protect people from cancer, heart attacks, diabetes and problems with blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force that pushes the blood from the heart through the arteries in the body. High blood pressure becomes dangerous because is makes the heart work too hard. Even when the pressure is only slightly raised for a long period of time it can damage arteries and cause organ damage.I personally have high blood pressure and the doctors are constantly advising me to eat better, exercise and lose weight and when I apply their council my blood pressure does improve dramatically. † High blood pressure is a primary risk factor for heart disease and stroke. As such, it is a condition that is important to control. Diet can be a very effective tool for lowering blood pressure. One of the most convincing associations between diet and blood pressure was found in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study.This trial examined the effect on blood pressure of a diet that was rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and that restricted the amount of saturated and total fat. The researchers found that people with high blood pressure who followed this diet reduced their systolic blood pressure (the upper number of a blood pressure reading) by about 11 mm Hg and their diastolic blood pressure (the lower number) by almost 6 mm Hg—as much as medications can achieve† (Appel, Moore, Obarzanek,1997, clinical trial).By making sure to eat a balanced diet then the occasional fatty food or takeaway will not hurt, but it will become a problem if you eat fatty foods everyday. It can be easy to fall into the trap of eating takeaway food every night because most people have busy hectic lives and find that they do not have the time or energy to cook something healthy. â€Å"Junk food has become a pillar in modern society. It offers a quick fill, fast service, or you can bring it home to watch a m ovie with. From chips, pop, ice cream it goes on and on.There is no nutritional value in any of it. Even the canned produce should be considered junk food. Preservatives are jamming the tops of these containers of fruits in order for them to remain edible for months and months† (Healthy Eating, 2008, Health benefits of food). While it would be nice to take a pill and wake up 15 lbs lighter, the truth is that weight loss takes time and effort as well as a commitment to eating healthy everyday. The best way to begin to reduce the amount of weight people put on would be to reduce any un-necessary fat intake.Fat intake can be difficult to manage because fat makes food taste so much better. It is so tempting to grab a donut or candy bar when craving a snack, but it can be just as easy to grab an apple or a bag of carrots and your body and your health will reap better benefits from it. â€Å"Most people who work at eating better know that the salad bar can be a terrific way to eat out, eat great food and have a healthy meal. There are a few items that can tip the scales as far as fat and calories are concerned, especially if you are trying to watch your weight.A major offender is salad dressings. † Doctor Gourmet, (2008). Weight is such a sensitive subject for many people, young and old , which is why it+ does need to be addressed, because people today especially children are becoming obese at alarming rates. Many people think that it is just too difficult to eat healthy, or they do not know what to eat. â€Å"What you should eat is actually pretty simple. But you would not know that from news reports on diet studies, whose sole purpose seems to be to confuse people on a daily basis.When it comes down to it, though—when all the evidence is looked at together—the best advice on what to eat is relatively straightforward: Eat a plant-based diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; choose healthy fats, like olive and canola oil; and red meat and unhealthy fats, like saturated and trans fats, sparingly. Most important of all is keeping calories in check, so you can avoid weight gain, which makes exercise a key partner to a healthy diet† (Willet, 2007, Harvard School of Public Health) As for keeping the weight off, avoid the elevator and take the stairs.If you take the stairs regularly, you will burn more calories. As you do it more often, you will learn that you have more energy. In order to be healthy, we need to learn what it means to eat healthy and to live healthy. The first step is making sure to eat plenty of fruits and vegetables on a daily basis and avoid unnecessary fats in our diet. The best way to avoid fats is by not eating fast food or junk food on a regular basis. Exercise needs to be a top riority in our lives to keep stress away and to feel energized, even if it is as simple as a walk in the park. When it comes to diet and exercise, you have to ask yourself a very important question. How mu ch do you care about yourself? It is up to all of us to make a commitment to set aside a little time each day for exercise. As far as eating healthy is concerned, just focus on each individual day. Do not go to the extreme, because this is setting you up for failure. Just make small changes throughout the day.At night, simply walk away from that huge slice of chocolate cake. It is all up to you to live a healthy lifestyle. Discipline, control and focus can be hard to maintain when it comes to eating healthy and exercising regularly. It can be hard, especially in the beginning, but it is essential that you be consistent. By being consistent it will get easier and easier to make necessary lifestyle changes. By making these positive lifestyle changes in your life it will go a long way in living a long healthy life for years to come.